Diagnostics Strategies with Electrochemical Affinity Biosensors Using Carbon Nanomaterials as Electrode Modifiers

Abstract

Early diagnosis is often the key to successful patient treatment and survival. The identification of various disease signaling biomarkers which reliably reflect normal and disease states in humans in biological fluids explain the burgeoning research field in developing new methodologies able to determine the target biomarkers in complex biological samples with the required sensitivity and selectivity and in a simple and rapid way. The unique advantages offered by electrochemical sensors together with the availability of high affinity and specific bioreceptors and their great capabilities in terms of sensitivity and stability imparted by nanostructuring the electrode surface with different carbon nanomaterials have led to the development of new electrochemical biosensing strategies that have flourished as interesting alternatives to conventional methodologies for clinical diagnostics. This paper briefly reviews the advantages of using carbon nanostructures and their hybrid nanocomposites as electrode modifiers to construct efficient electrochemical sensing platforms for diagnosis. The review provides an updated overview of some selected examples involving attractive amplification and biosensing approaches which have been applied to the determination of relevant genetic and protein diagnostics biomarkers.

Redox Capacitive Assaying of C-Reactive Protein at a Peptide Supported Aptamer Interface

“…In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of optimized interfaces capable of supporting the detection of clinically relevant analytes 1 , especially those translatable to rapid low cost analyses. [2][3][4] Derived immunosensors 1,[5][6][7] (which translate a biological biomarker recognition into a measurable signal) have been based on a variety of electrochemical techniques, such as voltammetry 8 , amperometry 8,9 and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) [10][11][12] . EIS is a natively spectroscopic and highly sensitive method 13 within which interfacial charge transfer resistance Rct is assessed as a reporter of analyte 14,15 .…”

Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery and Biosensing

“…Similarly, ZnO ESNFs doped with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been produced by blending a three-component mixture (of ZnO, MWCNTs, and polymer melt) and electrospinning for use in CA 125 analyte detection (see Table 3). 98…”

A review on carbon nanotubes in biosensor devices and their applications in medicine

“…It has been demonstrated that bioaffinity devices which make use of enzyme tags can significantly benefit from the superior response of the biocatalytic-reaction. Current electrochemical bioaffinity sensors, such as DNA biosensors and immunosensors have recently demonstrated an unlimited potential in carcinogenic related health care systems [104]. CNT-DNA and CNT-Immunoelectrochemical sensors are being discussed in the following two sections.…”