A scheme for solving the problem of determining the probability of failure and probabilistic (statistical) characteristics of the failure loading magnitude of a composite material plate is considered. The plate structure is a flat homogeneous matrix with stochastically distributed rigid rod inclusions. The geometric parameters of inclusions are considered independent random variables with given probability distribution laws. The expressions for the failure loading distribution function, the probability of failure, the mean value, and the dispersion of the failure loading were received and presented. Their dependence on the type of stress state, the inclusion number, and matrix Poisson’s ratio were studied graphically.