Diallyl Trisulfide, the Antifungal Component of Garlic Essential Oil and the Bioactivity of Its Nanoemulsions Formed by Spontaneous Emulsification

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical compounds of garlic essential oil (EO), and determine the antifungal efficacy of garlic EO and its major components, diallyl trisulfide and its nanoemulsions against wood-rotting fungi, Trametes hirsuta and Laetiporus sulphureus. GC-MS analysis revealed that the major constituents of garlic EO were diallyl trisulfide (39.79%), diallyl disulfide (32.91%), and diallyl sulfide (7.02%). In antifungal activity, the IC50 value of garlic EO against T. hirsuta and L. sulphureus were 137.3 and 44.6 μg/mL, respectively. Results from the antifungal tests demonstrated that the three major constituents were shown to have good antifungal activity, in which, diallyl trisulfide was the most effective against T. hirsuta and L. sulphureus, with the IC50 values of 56.1 and 31.6 μg/mL, respectively. The diallyl trisulfide nanoemulsions showed high antifungal efficacy against the examined wood-rotting fungi, and as the amount of diallyl trisulfide in the lipid phase increases, the antifungal efficacy of the nanoemulsions increases. These results showed that the nanoemulsions and normal emulsion of diallyl trisulfide have potential to develop into a natural wood preservative.

Medicinal and therapeutic properties of garlic, garlic essential oil, and garlic-based snack food: An updated review

“…Tocmo et al ( 118 ) assert that DATS is more prevalent in fresh GO than commercial oils, with the number of DADS varying depending on the temperature or duration of the extraction process. The amount and number of constituents in essential oils vary, but in all investigations reported diallyl disulfide is almost always the main ingredient followed by allyl disulfide, allyl trisulfide ( 119 ). These substances are the transformation products from allicin, a substance with significant medicinal value because it has a wide range of biological activities.…”

Antifungal Sesquiterpenoids from Michelia formosana Leaf Essential Oil against Wood-Rotting Fungi

“…Gong et al reported that garlic essential oil and its compounds diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide showed high toxicity against brown-rot fungus L. sulphureus with IC 50 values of 44.6, 73.2, and 31.6 µg/mL, respectively [ 26 ]. Cinnamaldehyde is a well-known natural antifungal agent; IC 50 values of cinnamaldehyde were 0.17 and 0.65 mM against L. sulphureus and L. betulina , respectively [ 11 ].…”

A Whiff of Sulfur: One Wind a Day Keeps the Doctor Away

“…The discussion of DPTTS from onions almost immediately also brings us to its relative in garlic, diallyl trisulfide (C 3 H 5 SSSC 3 H 5 , DATS). Indeed, DATS is equally, if not more active biologically compared to DPTTS and is also the source of centuries of medicinal inspiration and a plethora of publications [ 105 , 106 , 107 ]. Similar to DPTTS, DATS is volatile with a boiling point of 120 °C, and there are numerous anecdotes of DATS and its relatives diallyl disulfide (C 3 H 5 SSC 3 H 5 , DADS, boiling point 187.5 °C) and diallyl tetrasulfide (C 3 H 5 SSSSC 3 H 5 , DATTS, boiling point 45 °C) fuming out entire incubators when applied in Petri dish-based studies [ 11 ].…”