“…Agents typically use pattern matching and string processing, but more advanced technologies enable agents to use complex knowledge-based models (Hussain et al, 2019), and emerging technologies will enable multiple agents with different strategies and communication styles at the same time (Lippert, Shubeck, Morgan, Hampton, & Graesser, 2019). Despite the advancements, effective, scalable, and robust dialog management techniques are still a challenge, but, for example, explainable AI could make a dialog management system more human-like as users can understand the rationale behind it (Brabra et al, 2021). However, at least for now, PAs are rather responsive to students' communication actions and cannot maintain a conversation, and, therefore, PA interaction cannot be called a reciprocal communication process.…”