“…Njue and Retish (2010) same trend in their study of African immigrant students at an American high school. Some Canadian researchers further pointed out that refugee youth with limited literacy skills in their first language and/or English are very disadvantaged and challenged, causing high drop-out rates (Derwing, Decorby, Ichikawa, & Jamieson, 1999;Watt & Roessingh, 1994, 2001) and gang involvement (Ngo, Calhoun, Worthington, Pyrch, & Este, 2017;Rossiter & Rossiter, 2009).…”