Diapause in Heliothis zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1

Phillips, James M.; Newsom, L. D.

doi:10.1093/aesa/59.1.154

Cited by 81 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…3A). Migration of the pupal stemmata is a good landmark for monitoring progression of pupal development (13), and this stage is usually completed 4-5 d after pupation. Pupae injected with DOG on day 1 required 7-8 d to reach this same stage, thus implying that DOG injection delays the normal progression of development.…”

Section: Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-talk between the fat body and brain regulates insect developmental arrest

Denlinger

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

111

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Developmental arrest, a critical component of the life cycle in animals as diverse as nematodes (dauer state), insects (diapause), and vertebrates (hibernation), results in dramatic depression of the metabolic rate and a profound extension in longevity. Although many details of the hormonal systems controlling developmental arrest are well-known, we know little about the interactions between metabolic events and the hormones controlling the arrested state. Here, we show that diapause is regulated by an interplay between blood-borne metabolites and regulatory centers within the brain. Gene expression in the fat body, the insect equivalent of the liver, is strongly suppressed during diapause, resulting in low levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates circulating within the blood, and at diapause termination, the fat body becomes activated, releasing an abundance of TCA intermediates that act on the brain to stimulate synthesis of regulatory peptides that prompt production of the insect growth hormone ecdysone. This model is supported by our success in breaking diapause by injecting a mixture of TCA intermediates and upstream metabolites. The results underscore the importance of cross-talk between the brain and fat body as a regulator of diapause and suggest that the TCA cycle may be a checkpoint for regulating different forms of animal dormancy.prothoracicotropic hormone | glucose | pyruvate A s days shorten in late summer and temperatures drop, many insects respond by entering an overwintering diapause, a form of developmental arrest characterized by metabolic depression. The major endocrine events that regulate diapause are fairly well-understood. In larvae and pupae, the arrest is usually a consequence of the brain's failure to produce or release prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), a neuropeptide needed to stimulate the prothoracic gland to synthesize the steroid hormones ecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone is the most active form and will be referred to hereafter as ecdysone) (1). Without ecdysone, the insect remains locked in a developmental arrest that persists as long as ecdysone is absent.Specific patterns of gene expression and unique metabolic profiles characterize diapause (2-4), but the interactions between genes, metabolites, and the major endocrine centers are poorly known. One of the most conspicuous metabolic patterns during diapause in insects and dormancy in other animals (5-7) is a shift to anaerobic metabolism favoring glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Although it is usually assumed that changes in abundance of specific metabolites are downstream responses to the diapause program, the demonstration that elevated sorbitol is the cause, rather than the consequence, of developmental arrest in embryos of the silk moth (8) suggests the possibility that the metabolite profile itself may influence the diapause decision. This possibility is tested here by monitoring changes in metabolite abundance in association with diapause and then showing that artificially boosting the abundance of nondiapause met...

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Section: Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-talk between the fat body and brain regulates insect developmental arrest

Denlinger

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

111

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“…The corn earworm, H. zea, like other members of this pest complex, enters an overwintering diapause in the pupal stage in response to short day lengths and low temperatures of autumn (11). We previously established that diapause in pupae of these moths can be terminated with an injection of DH, a neuropeptide produced in the subesophageal ganglion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diapause was achieved by transferring early third-instar larvae to 18 or 21°C, depending on the experiment, with a photoperiod of 8 h L/16 h D until pupation. In this species, migration of the eyespots is a reliable indicator of developmental progression after pupation (11). In brief, eyespots of diapausing pupae remain in the middle of the eye until diapause is terminated, whereas those of nondiapausing pupae migrate to the edge of the eye 5-7 d after pupation and finally disappear.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of insect diapause using agonists and an antagonist of diapause hormone

Zhang

Nachman

Kaczmarek

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The dormant state known as diapause is widely exploited by insects to circumvent winter and other adverse seasons. For an insect to survive, feed, and reproduce at the appropriate time of year requires fine coordination of the timing of entry into and exit from diapause. One of the hormones that regulates diapause in moths is the 24-aa neuropeptide, diapause hormone (DH). Among members of the Helicoverpa/Heliothis complex of agricultural pests, DH prompts the termination of pupal diapause. Based on the structure of DH, we designed several agonists that are much more active than DH in breaking diapause. One such agonist that we describe also prevents the entry into pupal diapause when administered to larvae that are environmentally programmed for diapause. In addition, we used the unique antagonist development strategy of incorporating a dihydroimidazole ("Jones") trans-Proline mimetic motif into one of our DH agonists, thereby converting the agonist into a DH antagonist that blocks the termination of diapause. These results suggest potential for using such agents or next-generation derivatives for derailing the success of overwintering in pest species.diapause manipulation | peptidomimetics C oordinating active phases of the life cycle with seasons that provide food resources and suitable environmental conditions is crucial for sustaining viable insect populations. Major portions of the year, most notably winters in temperate zones, are unsuitable for continuous development, and most insects have evolved periods of dormancy (diapause), characterized by suppressed metabolism and bolstered stress responses that enhance survival during unfavorable seasons. Short day lengths of late summer commonly trigger the onset of diapause (1, 2), and these environmental signals prompt endocrine responses that directly initiate and eventually terminate the diapause state (3).Desynchronizing an insect pest with its appropriate seasonal diapause could be used as a tool for disrupting pest populations (4). Altering the timing of diapause has the potential to evoke ecological suicide if the insect is forced to be active during a time of year when climatic conditions are adverse or food resources are absent. Blocking entry into diapause in the autumn, breaking out of an overwintering diapause prematurely, or failing to terminate diapause at the appropriate time in the spring all have potential for desynchronizing the temporal distribution of insects. We report here the development of unique agents capable of disrupting the overwintering pupal diapause of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, a member of the Heliothis/Helicoverpa complex, a worldwide group of noteworthy crop pests (5).Our target is diapause hormone (DH). This 24-aa neuropeptide, a pyrokinin in the DH-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) family, is best known for its action in initiating embryonic diapause in the commercial silkworm, Bombyx mori (6); however, recently, DH was also shown to exert an opposite effect in pupae of the Heliothis/Helicoverpa co...

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“…At 25±I°C and 18:6 (LID) photoperiod, 20-45% of our larvae entered diapause for a period varying from 73 to 199 days. A visible characteristic of arrested development in diapausing pupae was the prolonged presence of pigmented ocelli (Phillips & Newsom 1966). Wilson et al (1979), in Australia, found that time taken to terminate diapause varied considerably between individual pupae.…”

Section: Heliothis Armiger Confertusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rearing method forHeliothis armiger confertus, and its use for production of the parasitoidApanteles kazakand two insect viruses

Singh¹,

Surrey²,

Burgess³

et al. 1982

New Zealand Journal of Zoology

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Heliothis armiger confertus (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was reared on an artificial diet in the laboratory. Larvae and pupae were reared at 25±1°C and 18:6 (LID) photoperiod, and adults were mated at an average of 20°C under natural light conditions. The average generation time was 38 days, with larval period 17.3 days, prepupal period 3.6 days, and pupal period 14.5 days. Other data are: average pupal weight -'( 401.5 mg, o 392.0 mg; average survival to pupa 84.9%; average survival to adult 65.4%; pre-oviposition period 2.7 days; fecundity 973 ± 121 eggs per female; adult lifespan approximately 12 days. The parasitoid Apanteles kazak (Telenga) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was reared for several generations using H. a. confertus larvae as hosts. It took, on average, 19.3 days from oviposition to cocoon formation, and 26.8 and 29.0 days for adult male and female emergence respectively. Only 25.9% of the host larvae produced parasite cocoons, and 74.1 % of these produced adult parasitoids. Two Heliothis viruses were produced, with maximum yields for granulosis virus of 40 mg per larva and for nuclear polyhedrosis virus of 11.5 mg per larva.

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Diapause in Heliothis zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1

Cited by 81 publications

References 0 publications

Cross-talk between the fat body and brain regulates insect developmental arrest

Cross-talk between the fat body and brain regulates insect developmental arrest

Disruption of insect diapause using agonists and an antagonist of diapause hormone

A rearing method forHeliothis armiger confertus, and its use for production of the parasitoidApanteles kazakand two insect viruses

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