Diarrhea in lambs: experimental infections with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium sp

Tzipori, Saul; Sherwood, D; Angus, K.W.; Campbell, Iain; Gordon, MA

doi:10.1128/iai.33.2.401-406.1981

Cited by 38 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These experiments confirm previous observations that co-infection of calves with ETEC and rotavirus can induce diarrhoea in circumstances where one agent acting alone does not (Tzipori et al, 1981a). Similar observations were made in foals (Tzipori et al, 1982a, b) inoculated with rotavirus and the same ETEC, while dual infection failed to precipitate a disease in lambs older than 3 days (Tzipori et al, 1981b). It was surprising that the ETEC serotype used in these experiments, although possessing K99, failed to adhere to the mucosal lining of the small intestine of newborn calves.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Intestinal changes associated with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in calves

Tzipori¹,

Smith²,

Halpin³

et al. 1983

Veterinary Microbiology

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Newborn calves inoculated with rotavirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) serotype 020:K' x 106':K99:HNM, either alone or in combination, became depressed, anorectic, diarrhoeic and dehydrated. ETEC did not adhere to the intestine although there was extensive proliferation in the lumen. Only slight mucosal changes were induced by ETEC and the activity of membrane bound lactase remained normal. More severe mucosal damage and a decrease in lactase activity were found in newborn calves inoculated with either rotavirus or rotavirus and ETEC in combination. The most severe clinical illness was found in calves inoculated with both rotavirus and ETEC. Calves inoculated at 1 week of age with either rotavirus or ETEC remained clinically normal. Rotavirus infection produced slight mucosal changes and a reduction of lactase activity. In contrast, colostrum-fed or suckling calves up to 2 weeks old inoculated with both rotavirus and ETEC became clinically affected, showed severe mucosal damage and decreased lactase activity. There was no bacterial adhesion to the intestinal mucosa as observed by immunofluorescent labelling and light microscopy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Intestinal changes associated with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in calves

Tzipori¹,

Smith²,

Halpin³

et al. 1983

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…In the lamb that was killed 24 hours after infection the number of E. coli S 13 in the intestinal contents indicated that multiplication had occurred, which appears to be limited subsequently by antagonistic mechanisms in the intestine. TZIPORI et al (1981) found that after gnotobiotic lambs, aged 5 days or more, had been inoculated with lolo E. coli S 13 colonisation of the intestine did not occur and they suggested that there may be a close correlation between adherence, colonisation and clinical diarrhoea on the one hand and the age of the lamb on the other.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental coinfections with ETEC and rotavirus in gnotobiotic calves have shown both a synergistic interaction producing a fatal disease and an interaction in which rotavirus aided ETEC colonisation but with little disease enhancement (RUNNELS et al, 1980). In gnotobiotic lambs, TZIPORI et al (1981) found that co-infection of 4-8 day-old lambs failed to induce diarrhoea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Diarrhoea in Lambs

Wray

Dawson

Afshar

et al. 1984

Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B

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Summary To produce diarrhoea in colostrum‐fed lambs it was necessary to use enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) doses of 109organisms. In colostrum‐deprived (C‐)lambs, E. coli B44M (O9:K30:K99) doses of 103caused abnormal faeces, and diarrhoea was consistently produced by doses of 106organisms; with E. coli S13 (O 8: K 85: K 99) doses of 104and 105organisms caused abnormal faeces and death occurred in the 2 lambs which received either 107or 108E. coli S13. Rotavirus infection of C‐lambs caused diarrhoea and death of one lamb. When C‐lambs were co‐infected with E. coli B 44 M and rotavirus 5 lambs died although the duration of diarrhoea was no greater than when either of the 2 agents was administered alone. In the case of E. coli S13 and rotavirus, the ETEC strain persisted in the faeces for up to 9 days and in greater numbers than when administered singly. The results suggest that rotavirus and ETEC may act synergistically in the intestine. Zusammenfassung Experimentelle Diarrhö bei Lämmern Um bei Kolostrum‐gefütterten Lämmern einen Durchfall zu induzieren, war es nötig Enterotoxin‐bildende E. coli (ETEC) in Dosen von 109Organismen zu verabreichen. Bei kolostrumfrei aufgezogenen Lämmern verursachte der Stamm E. coli B 44 M (O 9: K 30: K 99) in Dosen von 103abnorme Fäzes und mit 106Keimen ließ sich regelmäßig eine Diarrhö erzeugen; E. coli S13 (O 8: K 85: K 99) in Dosen von 104und 105Keimen führte zu abnormen Fäzes während die beiden mit 107oder 108Keimen infizierten Lämmer starben. Rotavirusinfektion führten bei kolostrumfrei aufgezogenen Tieren zu Durchfall und Tod eines Lammes. Wenn kolostrumfrei aufgezogene Tiere mit E. coli B 44 M und Rotavirus koinfiziert wurden, starben fünf Lämmer, obwohl die Dauer des Durchfalls nicht länger war, als wenn einer der beiden Erreger allein gegeben wurde. Bei E. coli S 13 und Rotavirus persistierte der ETEC‐Stamm bis zu 9 Tagen und in größerer Menge als bei einer Monoinfektion. Die Ergebnisse weisen daraufhin, daß Rotavirus und ETEC im Darm synergistisch wirken können. Résumé Diarrhée expérimentale chez des agneaux Il a été nécessaire d'appliquer des doses de 109geremes d'E. coli produisant une entérotoxine (ETEC) pour induire une diarrhée chez des agneaux nourris au colostrum. La souche E. coli B 44 M (O 9: K 30: K 99) a provoqué des selles anormales à une dose de 103et régulièrement une diarrhée avec 106germes chez des agneaux élevés sans colostrum; E. coli S 13 (O 8: K 85: K99) a provoqué des selles anormales aux doses de 104et 105germes et les deux souches ont fait mourir les agneaux infectés avec 107et 108germes. Des infections à Rotavirus ont provoqué une diarrhée et la mort d'un agneau chez des animaux privés de colostrum. Cinq agneaux sont morts chez les animaux privés de colostrum avec une infection simultanée d'E. coli B 44 M et de Rotavirus alors que la durée de la diarrhée ne fut pas plus longue que lorsqu'elle était due à l'un des deux agents. Lors d'une infection à E. coli S13 et Rotavirus, la souche ETEC a persisté jusqu'à 9 jours et en plus grande quantité que lors...

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“…Ovines In ovines, the rotaviruses are known to cause enteritis and diarrhea, especially in neonatal lambs (Theil et al 1996, Wani et al 2004. Other infectious agents that may cause neonatal diarrhea in lambs are E. coli and Cryptosporidium (Tzipori et al 1981;Ellis and Daniels 1988). Besides the commonly seen group A ovine rotaviruses (ORV), atypical group B viruses may also cause the infection in ovines (Holland 1990;Theil et al 1996).…”

Section: Disease In Other Domestic Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus diarrhea in bovines and other domestic animals

et al. 2008

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Rotavirus diarrhea is the major cause of death of millions of children in developing countries besides causing economically significant malady in neonates of many domestic animals. In neonates, the infection is non-viremic, have very short incubation period, and manifests profuse diarrhea and severe dehydration. Concurrent infection with secondary pathogens may augment the disease severity. Diarrhea occurs due to virus-mediated destruction of absorption efficient enterocytes, activation of enteric nervous system, or due to a rotavirus enterotoxin. Diagnosis of the infection relies on conventional techniques like isolation in MA 104 cell lines, electron microscopy, electro-pherotyping, and various serological tests. Presently, diagnosis and molecular typing is performed using serotype specific RT-PCR, sequencing or genomic hybridization techniques. As the rotaviruses are known to exhibit extreme genetic diversity and outplay disinfection procedures, eradication of the pathogen is often difficult. Hence, for prevention, good management practices coupled with vaccination of dam for protecting young ones, has to be practiced. Recently, new generation prophylactic strategies including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs) and edible vaccines have been found to induce sufficient levels of passive immunity. Aside to the infection in animals, zoonotic significance of the animal rotaviruses has to be further unearthed. In this review, efforts have been made to highlight the importance and prevalence of the disease in bovines, its pathogenesis along with preventive measures, salient features of rotaviruses and their inter-species transmission abilities, zoonotic implications, and a concise account of the infection in various domestic animals and poultry.

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Diarrhea in lambs: experimental infections with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium sp

Cited by 38 publications

References 14 publications

Intestinal changes associated with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in calves

Intestinal changes associated with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in calves

Experimental Diarrhoea in Lambs

Rotavirus diarrhea in bovines and other domestic animals

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