Dibutyltin alters immune cell production of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β and IL‐6: role of mitogen‐activated protein kinases and changes in mRNA

Sushak, Linda B; Gabure, Sahra; Maise, JaQuel; Arnett, Jessica Leslie; Whalen, Margaret M.

doi:10.1002/jat.3964

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 55 publications

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“…In addition, increased expression of integrins β2 and α4 was accompanied by upregulation of IL-1 and IL-6. 106 The interaction between mucosal epithelial cells and macrophages plays a key role in metaplastic lung inflammation. 107 NKT cells are a specialized group of T cells with both T cell receptors TCR and NK cell receptors on the cell surface, thus NKT respond very rapidly after antigen stimulation and produce IL-4 and IFN-γ.…”

Section: Effect Of Chemokines On Specific Inflammatory Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Chemokines and Inflammatory Cells in Respiratory Allergy

Bao¹,

Zhu²

2022

JAA

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The idea of "one airway, one disease" has been gaining importance in the last decade. In the upper and lower airways, allergic mechanisms interact with each other. In the initial stage of respiratory allergic inflammation, allergens contact the respiratory epithelium, which produces chemokines and inflammatory factors, which cause allergic reactions by binding to the corresponding receptors and chemotactic various inflammatory cells to reach the epithelium and tissues. It also drives inflammatory cells to activate and produce more inflammatory factors, thus producing a cascade amplification effect. Inflammatory cell aggregation and activation are very complex and interact with each other in a lattice structure. By blocking the action of various chemokines, inflammatory cell aggregation is reduced, and ultimately the symptoms of respiratory allergy are alleviated. Chemokines can serve as cues for coordinated recruitment of immune cells into and out of tissues, as well as directing the spatial organization of immune cells within tissues and cellular interactions. Chemokines are critical in directing immune cell migration and thus have an important role in the direction of respiratory allergy: however, chemokines are also involved in the production and recruitment of immune cells that contribute to respiratory allergy. In this article, linking the upper and lower respiratory tracts. We review the role of the chemokine system in the respiratory immune response and discuss how respiratory disease modulates overall chemokines to shape the type and outcome of the immune response to the treatment of respiratory allergic disease so that we can further deepen our knowledge of chemokines in the direction of respiratory allergy. In the future, we can do drug research and development based on this network structure and explore new research directions.

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Section: Effect Of Chemokines On Specific Inflammatory Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Chemokines and Inflammatory Cells in Respiratory Allergy

Bao¹,

Zhu²

2022

JAA

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Flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane, increases production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1‐beta and interleukin 6, in human immune cells

Falconer‐Turner,

Brooks,

Ogaga

et al. 2024

J of Applied Toxicology

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Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is an environmental contaminant due to its use as a flame retardant in a variety of applications ranging from building insulation, furniture upholstery, and housing for appliances and electronics. HBCD is found in wildlife, human breastmilk, and serum. Interleukin 1‐beta (IL‐1β) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) are pro‐inflammatory cytokines, whose dysregulation is associated with chronic inflammation and the pathologies that result, such as tumor growth, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and multiple sclerosis. HBCD has been shown to increase the secretion of both IL‐1β and IL‐6 from human immune cells. However, it is not clear if these increases are due solely to HBCD effects on the secretory process or whether it is stimulating cellular production of IL‐1β and IL‐6. This study examines if HBCD can increase the production of IL‐1β and IL‐6 by immune cells by simultaneously assessing secreted levels and cellular levels of these cytokines. Additionally, the mechanisms for any observed changes in production are investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to HBCD over a range of concentrations and lengths of exposure. HBCD was found to stimulate IL‐1β and IL‐6 production after 6 hrs. of exposure and production was sustained and intensified at 24 hrs. This increase in IL‐1β and IL‐6 production appears to, in part, be a result of increased mRNA expression. Additionally, the MAPK pathways, specifically the p38 and p44/42 pathways, appear to be required for HBCD‐induced increases in IL‐1β and IL‐6 production.

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