Dicarboxylic Acid Excretion in Normal Formula‐Fed and Breastfed Infants

Abstract

The mean age of the infants was 3.09 months. The mean total DCA was determined for both the breastfeeding and formula groups. Within the formula group, the means were 32.07, 13.36, and 5.77 mmol/mol creatinine for adipic, suberic, and sebacic acids, respectively. Spearman correlation coefficient indicated correlations of r = 0.0693, r = 0.0166, and r = -0.0128 between percent MCT and adipic, suberic, and sebacic acids, respectively. No value was statistically significant. DCA excretion amounts did not vary between breastfed and formula-fed infants. Our data suggest that clinicians should not expect elevated dicarboxylic aciduria in infants who are fed a standard formula without added MCT oil.

Triacylglycerol Containing Medium-Chain Fatty Acids: Comparison of Human Milk and Infant Formulas on Lipolysis during In Vitro Digestion

“…11,37 however, one recent study observed no significant difference in DCA excretion between breastfed and formula (≤33% MCT)-fed infants. 38 Their effects on infant health still need to be assessed. However, for human milk, there have been rare reports on 8:0 in the gastric and intestinal phases.…”

Early Infant Formula Feeding Impacts Urinary Metabolite Profile at 3 Months of Age

“…For example, infant formula was found to alter fecal microbiota and metabolome profile in infants relative to human milk feeding through the first year of life [15] and breastfeeding enhanced the number of microbial genes related to glutamate and tryptophan metabolism in infants aged three, six, and 12 months [15]. Several studies have shown associations between specific nutrients and metabolites present in the blood and feces of infants receiving HM or infant formula [18,19]. However, the mechanisms involved in health outcomes during neonatal feeding remain to be fully characterized.…”

Dietary Intake Influences Metabolites in Healthy Infants: A Scoping Review

“… Abbreviations: ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartataminotransferase; BCAA’s: branched-chain amino acids; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CCS: corn-syrup solids; CF: control formula; D-bil: direct bilirubin; DBS: dried-blood spots; DCA, dicarboxylic acid; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ESI-electrospray ionization; FF: formula-fed; GC/MS: gas chromatography; GGT: glutamyl transferase; HMO, human milk oligosaccharides; HP: high-protein; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; HRMS: high-resolution mass spectrometry; IF: isoenergenic formulae (intervention formula with equal amounts of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)); IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-I; IP: inorganic phosphate; LC: Liquid chromatography; LP: low-protein; LPC: lyso-phosphatidylcholine; MALDI-TOF: Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time Of Flight; mos: months; MS: mass spectrometry; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; PC: phosphatidylcholine; SM: Sphingomyelin; T-bil: total bilirubin; t-PGDM: tetranor prostaglandin D2 metabolite; TOF: time-of-flight; TG: triglyceride.Urine sample outputs were reported in a total of 10 of the studies [ 34 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 55 , 62 ] and the outcomes and trends are presented in Table 3 . Scalabre et al was finally excluded from further review due to a lack of explicit detailing in methods on dietary intake [ 47 ].…”

“…One manuscript did not provide discriminatory results. Anderson et al looked at exclusive human vs. exclusive formula milk in 175 infants and DCA (adipic, suberic, sebacic acids) excretion amounts did not differ between groups [ 34 ]. Two additional manuscripts did not have a comparative group [ 40 , 42 ].…”

“…Of these, 180 were excluded through abstract screening, and a further 10 were excluded during full-text screening (analyzed bacteria in feces rather than metabolites ( n = 4); analyzed <3 metabolites ( n = 5); dietary exposure unclear ( n = 1)). Accordingly, a total of 24 articles were analyzed fully [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. This scoping review focused on metabolomic analyses as opposed to individual and single biomarkers, therefore studies with fewer than three metabolites analyzed were excluded from further review.…”