Die Grundlagen des Tetanus und Tonus der quergestreiften Skelettmuskelfasern der Wirbeltiere

Krüger, Paul

doi:10.1007/bf02174831

Cited by 40 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Thus, it is obvious that m. pectoralis maior and the posterior part of m. latissimus dorsi of the chicken as well as m. extensor digitorum longus of the rabbit show enzyme activity ratios similar to the group of typical white (fast) muscles, and may therefore be classified as belonging to this type of muscle. It is clear, however, that the numerical values of the enzyme activity ratios in m. extensor digitorum longus of the rabbit and in the posterior part of m. latissimus dorsi of the chicken might also indicate that these muscles represent intermediate types, as this is certainly true in the case of the human muscle, which is a "mixed" muscle [8,37] and contains white (fast) and red (slow) fibres, the "red" characteristic seeming to preponderate. This histological heterogeneity is obviously expressed by the respective enzyme activity ratios in Table 2 .…”

Section: Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Differentiation of Distinct Muscle Types at the Level of Enzymatic Organization

Bass¹,

Brdiczka

Eyer

et al. 1969

European Journal of Biochemistry

624

245

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Activity levels of glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial), and hexosediphosphatase have been determined in white (fast) muscles, red (slow) muscles, heart and smooth muscle of higher animals. The activities of these enzymes are taken as relative measures of metabolic capacities. Their ratios are interpreted as representing relations of different metabolic pathways or systems. I n all muscles investigated comparable ratios exist for phosphorylase/triosephosphate dehydrogenase (glycogenolysis/glycolysis), glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase/triosephosphate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial glycerolphosphate oxidation/glycolysis), triosephosphate dehydrogenase/lactate dehydrogenase (glycolysis/lactate fermentation), hexokinaselcitrate synthase (glucose phosphorylation/citric acid cycle) and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/citrate synthase (fatty acid oxidation/citric acid cycle). With respect to the constancy of these ratios, consistent characteristics exist in the organization of the enzyme activity pattern. It is suggested that the more or less invariable coordination of these metabolic systems is not subject to metabolic differentiation. On the contrary, metabolic Werentiation is reflected by extreme variations of the following ratios : triosephosphate dehydrogenase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (glycolysis/fatty acid oxidation), triosephosphate dehydrogenase/citrate synthase (glycolysis/citric acid cycle), lactate dehydrogenaselcitrate synthase (lactate fermentation/citric acid cycle), phosphorylase/hexokinase (glycogenolysis/glucose phosphorylation), and hexosediphosphatase/hexokinase (gluconeogenesis/ glucose phosphorylation). These variable enzyme activity ratios are discriminative magnitudes and make it possible to discern distinct metabolic types of muscle. White (fast) muscle is characterized by high capacities of glycogenolysis, glycolysis and lactate fermentation, whereas the capacities of glucose phosphorylation, citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation are low. Red (slow) muscles, heart and smooth muscle show inverse characteristics. I n white (fast) muscle, high activities of hexosediphosphatase and of mitochondrial glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase indicate that gluconeogenesis starting from glycerolphosphate or triosephosphate is probably important in this muscle type, and compensates for its low capacity of glucose phosphorylation.Enzymes. Adenylate deaminase, or AMP aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.6) ; adenylate kinase, or ATP: AMP phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.4.3) ; citrate synthase, or citrate oxaloacetate lyase (CoA-acetylating) (EC 4.1.3.7) ; glucosephosphate isomerase, or ~-glucose-B-phosphate ketol-isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9); glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, or n-glucose-&phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.49); glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, or ~-glycerol-3-phosphate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.99.5); 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, or L-3-hydro...

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Section: Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Differentiation of Distinct Muscle Types at the Level of Enzymatic Organization

Bass¹,

Brdiczka

Eyer

et al. 1969

European Journal of Biochemistry

624

245

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“…Thus the muscle transformation must occur not only along the whole length of the muscle fibre, but it must also involve the actual contractile mechanism of each element. As yet there has been no histological investigation of the transformed muscles, but a question of great interest concerns the possibility of a transformation of 'Fibrillinstruktur' to 'Felderstruktur' and vice versa, in accordance with the characteristic fibre patterns described by Kruger (1952) for fast and slow muscle. 434 …”

Section: Ner Ve-muscle Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between motoneurones and muscles in respect of the characteristic speeds of their responses

Buller¹,

Eccles²,

Eccles³

1960

The Journal of Physiology

1,035

418

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In the preceding paper (Buller, Eccles & Eccles, 1960) evidence was presented which suggested that the differentiation of slow muscles of the cat hind limb to a large extent failed to occur after certain operative procedures on the spinal cord. This finding indicates that in some way the central nervous system controls muscle differentiation. A more analytic investigation into this postulated influence of nerve on muscle has been accomplished by dividing and cross-uniting nerves to fast and slow muscles, so that motoneurones formerly innervating the fast muscle come to innervate the slow muscle by virtue of the regenerative outgrowth of their fibres, and vice versa for the motoneurones of the slow muscle. The effect of this crossed innervation on the speed of muscle contraction has been tested at varying times after the cross-union. These investigations have also been carried out on animals subjected to the operative procedures on the spinal cord, as previously described (Buller et al. 1960). Cross-union experiments allow in addition an investigation into the possible effects in the reverse direction, i.e. of speed of muscle contraction on the conduction velocity of the axons and the after-hyperpolarization of the motoneurones which innervate it. A preliminary account of part of this investigation has already been published (Bulier, . METHODSMost of the cross-union operations have been performed on kittens 2-3 weeks old, but some operations had a wide age dispersion: on kittens as young as 6 days; on kittens from 3 weeks to 4 months; and on full-grown cats at least 6 months old. The operations were performed on anaesthetized animals with full aseptic precautions. Usually the cross-union has been effected between the nerves to soleus and flexor digitorum longus muscles (FDL), but there have also been cross-union experiments between the nerves to peroneal muscles and soleus and between the nerves to gracilis and crureus. The position of the nerve suture has been as far distal as possible from the locus of the nerve cross and as far as possible

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“…Further, the innervation of slow muscle fibres is diffusely distributed over the whole fibre length, in contrast to the discrete focal pattern of twitch fibres. There is also evidence that twitch and slow muscle fibres can be distinguished histologically (Kruger, 1952). It is likely that many other differences from twitch fibres will emerge, such as peculiarities in ionic content and exchange, or in metabolic requirements.…”

Section: Contraction Of Slow Muscle Fibresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is thought that many results obtained in previous studies dealing with 'tone' or 'contractures' in frog skeletal muscles can be interpreted as the responses of the two distinct types of muscle elements. For the reviews of this extensive field see Fulton (1926), Gasser (1930), Bremer (1932), Brecht (1952) and Kruger (1952).…”

Section: Contraction Of Slow Muscle Fibresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of the ‘slow’ skeletal muscle fibres of the frog*

Kuffler¹,

Williams²

1953

The Journal of Physiology

299

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Die Grundlagen des Tetanus und Tonus der quergestreiften Skelettmuskelfasern der Wirbeltiere

Cited by 40 publications

References 19 publications

Metabolic Differentiation of Distinct Muscle Types at the Level of Enzymatic Organization

Metabolic Differentiation of Distinct Muscle Types at the Level of Enzymatic Organization

Interactions between motoneurones and muscles in respect of the characteristic speeds of their responses

Properties of the ‘slow’ skeletal muscle fibres of the frog*

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