“…Apart from a high diaphragm, there are other causes for backward displacement of the cesophagus, for instance, complete heart block (Babey, 1937), pericardial effusion, or patent ductus arteriosus (Donovan et al, 1943). The question as to whether or not the left auricle may enlarge in long-standing auricular fibrillation without mitral stenosis is a matter of opinion; to us it seems probable, but to a limited degree (Babey, 1937;Palmer, 1937). Enlargement of this chamber also occurs in the heart of thyrotoxicosis, but it is more a part of a general enlargement of all chambers.…”