“…51 In the navy, however, the terms geistiger Führung und Wehrbetreuung were in use for a longer time. They were even institutionalised as specific marine tasks, which were not the responsibility of officers of certain services, for example from Ic-department (observation of the enemy, espionage, sabotage defence and spiritual care), 52 but a holistic leadership concept. Meanwhile, on 30 January 1943, following Hitler's outrage over the Battle of the Barents Sea (31 December 1942) with the British forces, Karl Dönitz, up to then Commander of the U-boats (Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote, BdU), was promoted to Grand Admiral, and replaced Raeder as Supreme Commander of the Navy.…”