Diel vertical migration bySalpa aspera and its potential for large-scale particulate organic matter transport to the deep-sea

Wiebe, Peter H.; Madin, Laurence P.; Haury, Loren R.; Harbison, G. R.; Philbin, L. M.

doi:10.1007/bf00952433

Cited by 182 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Gonozooids and phorozooids of D. denticulatum mainly lived in shallower water (18 to 36 m), which was possibly food-and temperature-related (Gibson & Paffenhöfer 2000); oozooids preferred to inhabit deeper water (59 to 78 m), which coincided with lower chlorophyll a concentrations (< 0.1 µg l -1 ). This might be a predator avoiding strategy (Ohman et al 1983) or a strategy to conserve energy through a decrease in metabolic rate (Wiebe et al 1979). The distribution patterns of T. democratica in this study agree with previous observations in the Agulhas Bank, where the species displays no vertical migration (Gibbons 1997), as well as in a Kuroshio warm-core ring, where both generations of this species dominate in the upper 20 m of the water column and show no DVM (Tsuda & Nemoto 1992).…”

Section: Day-night Vertical Distribution and Abundancesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…It is further evident from our results of multiplenet samples that most of these thaliaceans have shallow WMDs both during the day and at night. The potential metabolic advantage could be important for a species such as Salpa aspera, which migrated through a depth of 800 m with a temperature gradient of over 20°C (Wiebe et al 1979). Metabolic advantages for the species reported in this study, which migrates through a temperature range of less than 5°C, if present at all, would be minimal.…”

Section: Time-series Observationsmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Some thaliaceans are found in dense populations at high latitudes (Bathmann 1988, Huntley et al 1989, or in productive shelf and coastal waters (Wiebe et al 1979, Zeldis et al 1995, particularly during the spring phytoplankton bloom (Gorsky et al 1991, Ménard et al 1994, 1997. Some thaliaceans are known to perform extensive diel vertical migration (DVM); for instance, Salpa aspera migrates over 800 m in the slope water of the western North Atlantic (Wiebe et al 1979), while Pyrosoma atlanticum migrates from 90 to 760 m with different colony sizes in the Ligurian Sea (Andersen & Sardou 1994). Purcell & Madin (1991), however, mentioned that Cyclosalpa bakeri has a migration distance of only 60 feet in the subarctic, and Gibbons (1997) found Thalia democratica with little or no DVM in the Agulhas Bank, South Africa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Madin et al (1996) reported that different species seemed to have different DVM patterns. Some hypotheses proposed that DVM serves to reduce visual predation (Pearre 1973, Ohman et al 1983, to minimize photodamage (Haney 1988), to optimize feeding on algae (Enright 1977), to reduce metabolic costs (Wiebe et al 1979), or to increase fecundity (Purcell & Madin 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Thaliacea in SW Taiwan coastal water in 1997, with special reference to Doliolum denticulatum, Thalia democratica and T. orientalis

Tew¹,

Lo²

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Diel vertical migration of Thaliacea was monitored during different seasonal cruises in 1997 in the southwestern waters of Taiwan using samples collected by multiple plankton sampling nets and a 1 m plankton net. Overall, Doliolum denticulatum, Thalia democratica and T. orientalis were the 3 most dominant species in all seasons, and contributed ≥ 93% of the numerical total of Thaliacea. These species exhibited about a 2 times higher abundance at night than during the day, if all the data were integrated. In the seasonal multiple net samples, D. denticulatum and T. democratica exhibited an alternation between sexual and asexual reproduction between different sampling seasons, while aggregate zooids of T. orientalis, when compared with solitary zooids, dominated in all seasons and apparently increased from July to December. Different stages of these dominant species had different preferences for water depth in different seasons, suggesting that the vertical distribution of these species might be related to reproduction or food. The abundances of different stages of these thaliaceans were correlated with temperature and salinity. The time-series samples of surface water showed that species richness and abundance of these species varied seasonally, but was always greater at night than during the day. KEY WORDS: Diel vertical migration · DVM · Thaliacea · Season · Taiwan · Western Pacific Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 292: [181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193] 2005 ported 8 unnamed species from their seasonal samplings in the waters around the Nansha (Spratly) Islands in the South China Sea. He et al. (1988) studied zooplankton in the coastal upwelling area of Zhejiang, China, and found that up to 16% of the total wet weight biomass of tunicates, primarily Thalia democratica, Doliolum denticulatum and Dolioletta gegenbauri, was composed of plankton. They are distributed unevenly, increase clearly in the frontal areas, and are negatively correlated with the abundance of copepods and euphausiids. Tsuda & Nemoto (1992) reported 5 species of pelagic salps; T. democratica, Salpa fusiformis, Traustedtia multitentaculata, Cyclosalpa bakeri and Ritteriella reteacta accounted for 47% of the wet weight of zooplankton in the upper 200 m of a Kuroshio warm-core ring in summer 1987. They found that all salps appeared mainly in the surface mixed layer (0 to 20 m), with the exception of S. fusiformis, which was most abundant from 50 to 75 m. Fu et al. (1995) found only 1 thaliacean species, Cyclosalpa pinnata, with an abundance <1 ind. m -3 in zooplankton samples collected from the Pearl River estuary, southern China between June 1991 and March 1992. Among these studies, 2 were carried out in coastal areas (He et al. 1988, Fu et al. 1995, while others were concerned with salps in the open ocean or over continental slope. Relatively few of these studies discussed the DVM of salps and even fewer studies have dealt with different...

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Section: Day-night Vertical Distribution and Abundancesupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Time-series Observationsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Distribution of Thaliacea in SW Taiwan coastal water in 1997, with special reference to Doliolum denticulatum, Thalia democratica and T. orientalis

Tew¹,

Lo²

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…These pellets remain intact for days (4) and have sinking speeds (200-3,646 m·d −1 ) (5, 6) that are higher than most copepod or krill pellets (3). Furthermore, diurnal vertical migration by some species may accelerate vertical export (7,8). The combination of high filtration rates, small mesh size, and rapid pellet sinking implies that salps have the potential to shift particle distributions toward larger sizes, contribute to vertical transport, and remove substantial amounts of primary production from surface waters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Filtration of submicrometer particles by pelagic tunicates

Sutherland

Madin

Stocker

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

143

135

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Salps are common in oceanic waters and have higher per-individual filtration rates than any other zooplankton filter feeder. Although salps are centimeters in length, feeding via particle capture occurs on a fine, mucous mesh (fiber diameter d ∼0.1 μm) at low velocity (U = 1.6 ± 0.6 cm·s −1 , mean ± SD) and is thus a low Reynoldsnumber (Re ∼10 −3 ) process. In contrast to the current view that particle encounter is dictated by simple sieving of particles larger than the mesh spacing, a low-Re mathematical model of encounter rates by the salp feeding apparatus for realistic oceanic particle-size distributions shows that submicron particles, due to their higher abundances, are encountered at higher rates (particles per time) than larger particles. Data from feeding experiments with 0.5-, 1-, and 3-μm diameter polystyrene spheres corroborate these findings. Although particles larger than 1 μm (e.g., flagellates, small diatoms) represent a larger carbon pool, smaller particles in the 0.1-to 1-μm range (e.g., bacteria, Prochlorococcus) may be more quickly digestible because they present more surface area, and we find that particles smaller than the mesh size (1.4 μm) can fully satisfy salp energetic needs. Furthermore, by packaging submicrometer particles into rapidly sinking fecal pellets, pelagic tunicates can substantially change particle-size spectra and increase downward fluxes in the ocean.biofiltration | low Reynolds number | salps | colloids | carbon cycle F ilter feeding is a common strategy among marine plankton for collecting small food particles from a suspension. Pelagic tunicates in the class Thaliacea, order Salpida, have the highest perindividual filtration rates of all marine zooplankton filter feeders (1). Weight-specific clearance rates (70-4,153 mL·mg C −1 ·h −1 ) (2) are higher than most copepod and krill species. Salps filter feed by rhythmically pumping water into the oral siphon, through the pharyngeal chamber, and out the atrial siphon (Fig. 1A). This pumping action, generated by circular muscle bands, also creates a propulsive jet for locomotion. Food particles entering the pharyngeal chamber are strained through a mucous net that is continuously secreted and rolled into a food strand that moves posteriorly toward the esophagus. The bag-like net is secreted by the endostyle and fills much of the pharyngeal chamber (Fig. 1A). This feeding mechanism results in ingestion of any particles that enter the atrial siphon and adhere to the filtering mesh.After digestion, particles are packaged into dense fecal pellets, which often contain undigested or partially digested plankton (3, 4). These pellets remain intact for days (4) and have sinking speeds (200-3,646 m·d −1 ) (5, 6) that are higher than most copepod or krill pellets (3). Furthermore, diurnal vertical migration by some species may accelerate vertical export (7,8). The combination of high filtration rates, small mesh size, and rapid pellet sinking implies that salps have the potential to shift particle distributions toward larger sizes, con...

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Dissipation processes in the Tongue of the Ocean

et al. 2016

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The Tongue of the Ocean (TOTO) region located within the Bahamas archipelago is a relatively understudied region in terms of both its biological and physical oceanographic characteristics. A prey‐field mapping cruise took place in the fall between 15 September 2008 and 1 October 2008, consisting of a series of transects and “clovers” to study the spatial and temporal variability. The region is characterized by a deep scattering layer (DSL), which is preyed on by nekton that serves as the food for beaked whale and other whale species. This study marks the first of its kind where concurrent measurements of acoustic backscatter and turbulence have been conducted for a nekton scattering layer well below the euphotic zone. Turbulence data collected from a Deep Microstructure Profiler are compared to biological and shear data collected by a 38 kHz Simrad EK 60 echo sounder and a hydrographic Doppler sonar system, respectively. From these measurements, the primary processes responsible for the turbulent production in the TOTO region are assessed. The DSL around 500 m and a surface scattering layer (SSL) are investigated for raised ε values. Strong correlation between turbulence levels and scattering intensity of prey is generally found in the SSL with dissipation levels as large as ∼10−7 W kg−1, 3 orders of magnitude above background levels. In the DSL and during the diel vertical migration, dissipation levels ∼10−8 W kg−1 were observed.

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Diel vertical migration bySalpa aspera and its potential for large-scale particulate organic matter transport to the deep-sea

Cited by 182 publications

References 11 publications

Distribution of Thaliacea in SW Taiwan coastal water in 1997, with special reference to Doliolum denticulatum, Thalia democratica and T. orientalis

Distribution of Thaliacea in SW Taiwan coastal water in 1997, with special reference to Doliolum denticulatum, Thalia democratica and T. orientalis

Filtration of submicrometer particles by pelagic tunicates

Dissipation processes in the Tongue of the Ocean

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