Dielectric properties of glucose solutions in the millimetre-wave range and control of glucose content in blood

Meriakri, V. V.; Chigrai, E.E.; Kim, D; Nikitin, I. P.; Pangonis, L. I.; Parkhomenko, M. P.; Won, Jin Hyoung

doi:10.1088/0957-0233/18/4/003

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Frequency ranges between 1.0-2.5 GHz [8] and 5.0-8.5 GHz [9] have also been used in configurations with antenna sensors. Higher microwave frequencies have been proposed in [10][11][12], but in a different context than in the present work. Only a limited number of experiments have been performed in the millimeter wave regime [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Higher microwave frequencies have been proposed in [10][11][12], but in a different context than in the present work. Only a limited number of experiments have been performed in the millimeter wave regime [11][12][13][14][15]. Specifically, the work presented in [13][14][15] showed a glucose study performed in a rat, where its glucose levels were changed intravenously by injecting glucose and insulin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Millimeter-Wave Sensing of Diabetes-Relevant Glucose Concentration Changes in Pigs

Cano-Garcia

Saha

Sotiriou

et al. 2018

J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves

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The paper presents the first in vivo glucose monitoring animal study in a pig, which correlates radio frequency signal transmission changes with changes in blood glucose concentration in the 58-62 GHz frequency range. The presented non-invasive glucose sensing system consists of two opposite facing patch antennas sandwiching glucose-loaded samples. Prior to the animal study, the system was tested using saline solution samples, for which a linear relationship between changes in transmitted signal and glucose concentration was observed. In the animal study, glucose concentration changes were induced by injecting a known glucose solution in the blood stream. The non-invasive transmission measurements were compared to the glucose levels obtained invasively from the animal. Our results suggest that the system can detect spikes in glucose concentration in the blood, which is an important milestone towards non-invasive glucose monitoring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Millimeter-Wave Sensing of Diabetes-Relevant Glucose Concentration Changes in Pigs

Cano-Garcia

Saha

Sotiriou

et al. 2018

J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…EP is the build-up of charge at the interface between electrodes and an electrolytic sample (Schwan, 1968) and becomes such a dominant phenomenon that the measured permittivity of the bulk sample can be easily distorted for frequencies <1 MHz. One viable approach has been to measure aqueous glucose solutions at much higher frequencies (i.e., in the Megahertz-Gigahertz region), where EP may not pose a problem (Mashimo et al, 1992;Fuchs and Kaatze, 2002;Meriakri et al, 2007). Recent studies have reported that the dielectric properties in the low frequency range (<1 MHz) of certain types of solutions (i.e., glucose/water, glucose/saline, and glucose/blood solutions) changed significantly when glucose concentration levels were varied within the physiological range (Park et al, 2003;Tura et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dielectric properties of glucose in bulk aqueous solutions: Influence of electrode polarization and modeling

Yoon

2011

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

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“…A correlation between these concentrations and reflected coefficients is not sufficiently strong even for the high glucose concentrations. Another study [72] over the frequency range (28-93 GHz) used the mm-wave spectroscopy in reflection mode to detect sugar in watery solutions, blood imitators (physiological solution: 0.9% NaCl in water), and blood while checking the sensitivity of their dielectric properties to glucose content at concentration levels ranging from 0.5 to 5% wt. The authors in [3] were able to demonstrate a clear linear correlation between transmitted EM energy in the mm-wave band (50-75 GHz) and the glucose concentrations in watery and salty solutions.…”

Section: Spectroscopy Dielectric Measurements Of Glucose Using Dak-tlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Glucose Level Monitoring Using an FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensor

et al. 2020

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In this article, a novel sensing approach is presented for glucose level monitoring where a robust low-power millimeter(mm)-wave radar system is used to differentiate between blood samples of disparate glucose concentrations in the range 0.5 to 3.5 mg/mL. The proposed radar sensing mechanism shows greater capabilities for remote detection of blood glucose inside test tubes through detecting minute changes in their dielectric properties. In particular, the reflected mm-waves that represent unique signatures for the internal synthesis and composition of the tested blood samples, are collected from the multi-channels of the radar and analyzed using signal processing techniques to identify different glucose concentrations and correlate them to the reflected mm-wave readings. The mm-wave spectrum is chosen for glucose sensing in this study after a set of preliminary experiments that investigated the dielectric permittivity behavior of glucose-loaded solutions across different frequency bands. In this regard, a newly-developed commercial coaxial probe kit (DAK-TL) is used to characterize the electromagnetic properties of glucose-loaded samples in a broad range of frequencies from 300 MHz to 67 GHz using two different 50 Ω open-coaxial probes. This would help to determine the portion of the frequency spectrum that is more sensitive to slight variations in glucose concentrations as indicated by the amount of change in the dielectric constant and loss tangent parameters due to the different concentrations under test. The mm-wave frequency range 50 to 67 GHz has shown to be promising for acquiring both high sensitivity and sufficient penetration depth for the most interaction between the glucose molecules and electromagnetic waves. The processed results have indicated the reliability of using mm-wave radars in identifying changes in blood glucose levels while monitoring trends among those variations. Particularly, blood samples of higher glucose concentrations are correlated with reflected mm-wave signals of greater energy. The proposed system could likely be adapted in the future as a portable non-invasive continuous blood glucose level monitoring for daily use by diabetics.

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Dielectric properties of glucose solutions in the millimetre-wave range and control of glucose content in blood

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Millimeter-Wave Sensing of Diabetes-Relevant Glucose Concentration Changes in Pigs

Millimeter-Wave Sensing of Diabetes-Relevant Glucose Concentration Changes in Pigs

Dielectric properties of glucose in bulk aqueous solutions: Influence of electrode polarization and modeling

Blood Glucose Level Monitoring Using an FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensor

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