Dielectric properties of human sweat fluid in the microwave range

Low Cost Inkjet Printed Smart Bandage for Wireless Monitoring of Chronic Wounds

“…The effect of OH − ions in the case of base is opposite, which result in the increased concentration of electron carriers and hence the conductivity. Similar behavior has been observed in the case of graphene 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 and carbon nanotubes 35 . The maximum variation in the resistance change due to pH is around ±2.6%.…”

“…Sweat and exudate are mostly water and contain electrolytes 26 27 . Sweat has ε r of 86 and tanδ of 1.08 28 . In order to mimic such fluids, a saline solution has been used (see Supplementary Fig.…”

Study of the Dielectric Properties of Artificial Sweat Mixtures at Microwave Frequencies

“…With the increasing market in wearable devices, health monitoring, and preventive medicine, there is growing interest in analyzing properties of biofluids in the microwave frequency range. Dielectric properties of these fluids contribute to the understanding of microwave interaction with biological tissues [1,2] and allow identification of opportunities for disease detection and prevention [3][4][5]. This knowledge also contributes towards testing the impact of biofluids, specifically sweat, on health monitoring devices [5,6] and consumer products [7,8].…”

“…Human sweat is composed of metabolites (uric acid, urea, and lactic acid), minerals (sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, copper, and phosphate), as well as amino acids [3,5,[9][10][11][12][13][14]. Among these components, tracking sodium (Na + ), chloride (Cl − ), and potassium (K + ) can provide information on the water-salt balance in human tissues Romanov [4], hydration levels [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and the presence of cystic fibrosis [3,5,21]. Properties of sweat in the microwave frequency range were reported in Romanov [4], which focused on comparing dielectric properties of sweat collected from different locations on the body.…”

“…Among these components, tracking sodium (Na + ), chloride (Cl − ), and potassium (K + ) can provide information on the water-salt balance in human tissues Romanov [4], hydration levels [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and the presence of cystic fibrosis [3,5,21]. Properties of sweat in the microwave frequency range were reported in Romanov [4], which focused on comparing dielectric properties of sweat collected from different locations on the body. The work presented in Romanov [4] used an industrial phasometer to measure transmission magnitude and phase, which were used to calculate dielectric properties of sweat in the range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz.…”