Diet quality at age 5–6 and cardiovascular outcomes in preadolescents

Krijger, Anne; Nicolaou, Mary; Nguyen, Anh Minh; Voortman, Trudy; Hutten, Barbara A.; Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M.

doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.02.011

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…These findings provide an important contribution to the current evidence on childhood diet quality and BP, which is based on a limited number of cross-sectional [6,13,14] and longitudinal studies [16][17][18]. In line with our findings, few previous studies have observed higher BP among children consuming generally less healthy diets.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Since the 2018 systematic review [ 6 ], few additional cross-sectional studies have been published showing slightly lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) [ 13 ] or systolic blood pressure (SBP) [ 14 ] among children consuming healthier dietary patterns, or no association between dietary patterns and BP [ 15 ]. Two longitudinal studies from the Netherlands found higher diet quality in early childhood (age 5 to 8) was associated with lower DBP and SBP between age 10 and 12, however, these studies have not accounted for changes in diet quality during follow-up [ 16 , 17 ]. We are aware of one cohort study which used longitudinal diet data from children recruited through the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) who also participated in the Child Health CheckPoint at age 10/11 when detailed cardio-metabolic phenotypic outcomes were measured [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association between dietary trajectories across childhood and blood pressure in early adolescence: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children

2023

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Background Cardio-metabolic risk factors, including hypertension, are increasingly appearing in childhood. The aims of this study were to examine the associations between dietary trajectories across childhood and subsequent blood pressure (BP) at age 10/11, and to further determine whether these associations were explained by BMI or fat mass. Methods Data from 4360 participants from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were analysed. Dietary scores were computed based on similarity of intake to the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Group-based trajectory modelling was used to identify distinct dietary trajectories based on participant’s individual dietary scores at up to four timepoints between age 4 and 11. Linear regression models examined the associations between dietary trajectories and BP measured at age 10/11. Models were adjusted for relevant covariates, and BMI or fat mass. Results Four dietary trajectories were identified: “never healthy” (4.3%); “moderately healthy” (23.1%); “becoming less healthy” (14.2%); and “always healthy” (58.4%). Children in the “always healthy” trajectory had a lower systolic (−2.19 mmHg; 95% CI −3.78, −0.59) and diastolic BP (−1.71; −2.95, −0.47), compared with children in the “never healthy” trajectory after covariate adjustment. These associations were attenuated after additional adjustment for BMI or fat mass, but remained significant for diastolic BP. Conclusions A dietary trajectory mostly aligned with the Australian Dietary Guidelines across childhood was associated with slightly lower BP at age 10/11, which was not fully explained by BMI or fat mass. These findings support the need to encourage and enable healthy dietary habits early in childhood to attenuate the increasing burden of cardio-metabolic disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between dietary trajectories across childhood and blood pressure in early adolescence: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children

2023

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“…For example, a healthier diet was associated with lower mortality [ 4 ], better cardiovascular health [ 5 ], and lower risk of metabolic syndrome [ 6 ], type 2 diabetes [ 7 ], hypertension [ 8 ] or IR in adults [ 9 , 10 ]. Moreover, there are some studies in children that have observed that a higher adherence to a healthy dietary pattern was associated with better cardiovascular health [ 11 ] and lower risk of metabolic syndrome [ 12 , 13 ], hypertension [ 14 ], or IR [ 15 , 16 ], although in children, the evidence is still very scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Patterns with Insulin Resistance in Schoolchildren

et al. 2022

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Background: Diet quality patterns are associated with a lower incidence of insulin resistance (IR) in adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between two diet quality indices and IR in schoolchildren and to identify the best diet quality index associated with a lower risk of IR. Methods: A total of 854 schoolchildren (8–13 years) were included in a cross-sectional study, who completed a three-day dietary record to assess their diet. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin were also measured, and anthropometric data were collected. Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and adjusted DASH (aDASH) were calculated as diet quality indices. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used, and IR was defined as HOMA-IR > 3.16. Results: The prevalence of IR was 5.5%, and it was higher in girls. The mean HEI-2015 and DASH scores were 59.3 and 23.4, respectively, and boys scored lower in both indices. In girls, having a HEI-2015 score above the 33rd percentile was associated with a lower risk of IR (odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.43 [0.19–0.96], p = 0.020). Conclusion: Greater adherence to a healthy dietary pattern, as assessed by a higher HEI-2015 score, was associated with a lower risk of IR in schoolchildren, especially in girls.

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“…Poor diet quality is associated with metabolic disturbances, including increased body fat content, dyslipidemia, higher blood pressure and metabolic syndrome in adults [ 1 ] and children [ 2 , 3 ]. Moreover, a diet abundant with unhealthy choices, such as a high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and a low consumption of fruits and vegetables, has been linked to an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases in adults [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of diet quality and food consumption with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in Finnish children: the PANIC study

Laamanen,

Eloranta,

Haapala

et al. 2023

Eur J Nutr

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Purpose To investigate the associations of overall diet quality and dietary factors with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in a general population of children. Methods We studied 194 girls and 209 boys aged 6–8 years participating in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children study. Food consumption was assessed by 4-day food records and diet quality was quantified by the Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI). Fasting serum fatty acids, amino acids, apolipoproteins, as well as lipoprotein particle sizes were analyzed with high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using linear regression adjusted for age, sex, and body fat percentage. Results FCHEI was directly associated with the ratio of polyunsaturated (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) (PUFA/SFA), the ratio of PUFA to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (PUFA/MUFA), the ratio of PUFA to total fatty acids (FA) (PUFA%), the ratio of omega-3-fatty acids to total FA (omega-3 FA%), and inversely associated with the ratio of MUFA to total FA (MUFA%), alanine, glycine, histidine and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size. Consumption of vegetable oils and vegetable-oil-based margarine (≥ 60% fat) was directly associated with PUFA/SFA, PUFA/MUFA, PUFA%, the ratio of omega-6 FA to total FA (omega-6 FA%), and inversely associated with SFA, MUFA, SFA to total FA (SFA%), MUFA%, alanine and VLDL particle size. Consumption of high-fiber grain products directly associated with PUFA/SFA, PUFA/MUFA, omega-3 FA%, omega-6 FA%, PUFA% and inversely associated with SFA and SFA%. Fish consumption directly related to omega-3 FA and omega-3 FA%. Consumption of sugary products was directly associated with histidine and VLDL particle size. Vegetable, fruit, and berry consumption had direct associations with VLDL particle size and the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1. Consumption of low fat (< 1%) milk was directly associated with phenylalanine. A higher consumption of high-fat (≥ 1%) milk was associated with lower serum MUFA/SFA and higher SFA%. Sausage consumption was directly related to SFA% and histidine. Red meat consumption was inversely associated with glycine. Conclusions Better diet quality, higher in intake of dietary sources of unsaturated fat and fiber, and lower in sugary product intake were associated with more favorable levels of serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism independent of adiposity. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01803776, registered March 3, 2013.

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Diet quality at age 5–6 and cardiovascular outcomes in preadolescents

Cited by 10 publications

References 41 publications

The association between dietary trajectories across childhood and blood pressure in early adolescence: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children

The association between dietary trajectories across childhood and blood pressure in early adolescence: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children

Association of Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Patterns with Insulin Resistance in Schoolchildren

Associations of diet quality and food consumption with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in Finnish children: the PANIC study

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