Dietary amino acids under hypoxic conditions exacerbates muscle myopathies including wooden breast and white stripping

Blood Gas Disturbances and Disproportionate Body Weight Distribution in Broilers With Wooden Breast

“…Elevated HCO 3 − levels are suggestive of renal compensation and possible chronic respiratory acidosis, as the kidneys increase excretion of acid and hydrogen ions and increase reabsorption of HCO 3 − (Carter et al, 1959). Livingston et al (2019a) previously found increased HCO 3 − levels in WB-affected broilers. In the present study, HCO 3 − values are higher in affected males compared to unaffected males, though 2 | Effects of wooden breast (WB) status, sex, the interaction of WB and sex, and body weight on blood sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), ionized calcium (iCa), glucose (Glu), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ), total carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ), partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ), oxygen saturation (sO 2 ), bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ), and base excess (BE).…”

“…The blood was deposited immediately into a new i-STAT CG8 + cartridge inserted in the i-STAT 1 Analyzer (model 300A, Abbott Point of Care Inc., Princeton, NJ, United States) to perform rapid blood analysis. While designed for clinical use in humans, the i-STAT system's performance in Gallus gallus has been demonstrated in previous studies (Steinmetz et al, 2007;Livingston et al, 2019a). CG8 + test cartridges were used to test blood chemistry parameters including sodium (Na + ), K + , ionized calcium (iCa), and glucose (Glu); hematologic parameters Hct and hemoglobin (Hb); and blood gas parameters including pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ), TCO 2 , HCO 3 − , BE, oxygen saturation (sO 2 ), and pO 2 .…”

“…Two studies have provided initial insight into differences in blood parameters between WB-affected and unaffected broilers (Livingston et al, 2019a,b). Livingston et al (2019a) evaluated the venous blood of male broilers at 35 days of age and found that WB severity was significantly associated with reduced partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ) and increased total carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ), bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ), and base excess (BE). The same blood analysis conducted at 42 days of age produced similar results with regard to blood gas changes in WB affected birds, with the additional finding that packed cell volume (PCV, hematocrit; Hct) was significantly associated with WB severity (Livingston et al, 2019a).…”

“…Livingston et al (2019a) evaluated the venous blood of male broilers at 35 days of age and found that WB severity was significantly associated with reduced partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ) and increased total carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ), bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ), and base excess (BE). The same blood analysis conducted at 42 days of age produced similar results with regard to blood gas changes in WB affected birds, with the additional finding that packed cell volume (PCV, hematocrit; Hct) was significantly associated with WB severity (Livingston et al, 2019a). Livingston et al (2019b) subsequently reported higher potassium (K + ) levels in affected birds in a study evaluating the venous blood of male broilers at 42 days of age.…”

Glucolipotoxicity: A Proposed Etiology for Wooden Breast and Related Myopathies in Commercial Broiler Chickens

“…In that study, PFKFB3 and PFKFB1 were the only detected HIF1-dependent gene that were downregulated rather than upregulated . The suppression of glycolysis in affected birds is actually at odds with a common hypothesis that hypoxia resulting from breast muscle growth and vascular deficiency is the primary cause of wooden breast and other breast muscle disorders in modern broilers (Boerboom et al, 2018;Sihvo et al, 2018;Livingston et al, 2019a;Petracci et al, 2019). Hypoxia is widely known to stimulate glycolysis in lieu of more oxygen-demanding means of ATP production (Semenza et al, 1994).…”