Dietary and Gut Microbiota Polyamines in Obesity- and Age-Related Diseases

Abstract

The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are widely distributed polycationic compounds essential for cellular functions. Intracellular polyamine pools are tightly regulated by a complex regulatory mechanism involving de novo biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport across the plasma membrane. In mammals, both the production of polyamines and their uptake from the extracellular space are controlled by a set of proteins named antizymes and antizyme inhibitors. Dysregulation of polyamine levels has been implicated in a variety of human pathologies, especially cancer. Additionally, decreases in the intracellular and circulating polyamine levels during aging have been reported. The differences in the polyamine content existing among tissues are mainly due to the endogenous polyamine metabolism. In addition, a part of the tissue polyamines has its origin in the diet or their production by the intestinal microbiome. Emerging evidence has suggested that exogenous polyamines (either orally administrated or synthetized by the gut microbiota) are able to induce longevity in mice, and that spermidine supplementation exerts cardioprotective effects in animal models. Furthermore, the administration of either spermidine or spermine has been shown to be effective for improving glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity and reducing adiposity and hepatic fat accumulation in diet-induced obesity mouse models. The exogenous addition of agmatine, a cationic molecule produced through arginine decarboxylation by bacteria and plants, also exerts significant effects on glucose metabolism in obese models, as well as cardioprotective effects. In this review, we will discuss some aspects of polyamine metabolism and transport, how diet can affect circulating and local polyamine levels, and how the modulation of either polyamine intake or polyamine production by gut microbiota can be used for potential therapeutic purposes.

Supplemental selenium source on gut health: insights on fecal microbiome and fermentation products of growing puppies

“…intestinal microbiota, pancreatic-biliary secretions and dead intestinal cells (Ramos-Molina et al . 2019 ). Exogenous polyamines in foods are usually absorbed before they reach the large bowel (Ramos-Molina et al .…”

“…Exogenous polyamines in foods are usually absorbed before they reach the large bowel (Ramos-Molina et al . 2019 ), so it is likely that an important share found in feces was synthesized in the gut by decarboxylase-positive microorganisms such as Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, E. coli and lactic acid bacteria (Espinosa-Pesqueira, Roig-Sagues and Hernandez-Herrero 2018 ). Putrescine, spermine and spermidine derive from l -arginine or l -ornithine depending on the microorganism involved, and the degradation and recycling of biogenic amines comprise, among others, the conversion of putrescine into spermine and this into spermidine and vice-versa (Fernandez-Reina, Urdiales and Sanchez-Jimenez 2018 ).…”

Functional microbiome deficits associated with ageing: Chronological age threshold

“…Based on 16S rDNA sequencing of the total gut microbiota, a relationship has been observed between clinical phenotypes in the elderly and an “aged microbiota” (Fransen et al, ). This microbiota is particularly enriched in pathobionts and displays a decreased abundance of bacteria with anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties (Fransen et al, ; García‐Peña, Álvarez‐Cisneros, Quiroz‐Baez, & Friedland, ; Kim & Jazwinski, ; Komanduri, Gondalia, Scholey, & Stough, ; Lu & Wang, ; Mangiola, Nicoletti, Gasbarrini, & Ponziani, ; Nagpal et al, ; Pasolli et al, ; Ramos‐Molina, Queipo‐Ortuño, Lambertos, Tinahones, & Peñafiel, ; Reveles, Patel, Forney, & Ross, ; Riaz Rajoka et al, ; Vaiserman, Koliada, & Marotta, ). These bacteria include the genera Bacteroides , Alistipes , Parabacteroides , Faecalibacterium , Ruminococcus , Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, Coprococcus , Roseburia , Coprobacillus , Anaerotruncus , Escherichia, Lactonifactor , Eubacterium , Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia , and families such as Enterobacteriaceae, Eubacteriaceae , Porphyromonadaceae and Christensenellaceae .…”

Gender-Related Differences on Polyamine Metabolome in Liquid Biopsies by a Simple and Sensitive Two-Step Liquid-Liquid Extraction and LC-MS/MS

“…In mammalian cells, polyamines ionically interact with nucleic acids, proteins, and other negatively charged molecules [10]. It has also been confirmed that the covalent binding of polyamines to proteins, catalyzed by transglutaminase, takes place in various mammalian tissues [11].…”

“…Since the circulating levels of polyamines are much lower than the intracellular concentration levels [10,38], sample extraction is one of the most critical steps when plasma or serum samples are analyzed. An optimized sample extraction procedure is required to maximize the performance of the method.…”