Dietary arginine and repeated handling increase disease resistance and modulate innate immune mechanisms of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858)

Repeated handling compromises the immune suppression and improves the disease resistance in overwintering channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

“…The present results was supported by the finding that repeated handling of daily air exposure for 3 min during 14 days increased both disease resistance and some innate immune mechanisms in Senegalese sole (S. senegalensis) [8]. The finding was explained that the daily short-time stress exposure may activate some survival-promoting aspects and some Values are means ± SEM from 6 fish per group (n ¼ 6).…”

“…Values with * mean significant changes by repeated handling at a specific sampling time (P <0.05) using t test analysis. physiological pathways, including regulation of cytokines and other immune-related genes, which may increase the disease resistance in handled fish following bacterial challenge [8].…”

“…It has been reported that daily air exposure for 3 min for 14 days increased both disease resistance and the immune responses, including NO production, plasma lysozyme and alternative complement pathway (ACP) activities as well as the level of expression of g-type lysozyme (gLYS), in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) [8]. It was also suggested that the sustained exercise might simulate the immune status of fish [9].…”

Effects of repeated handling and air exposure on the immune response and the disease resistance of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) over winter

“…This was supported by the finding that repeated handling of air exposing daily for 3 min during 14 days increased both disease resistance and some innate immune mechanisms in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) [7]. It was explained that the daily short-time stress exposure from the study might be not enough to maintain chronically high cortisol levels, and may activate some survival-promoting aspects and some physiological pathways which may increase the disease resistance in handled fish [7]. It could be considered that stressors induce suppressive or adverse effects, but part of the responses may be also considered as active or enhancing the immune response, especially when subjected to multi-stressors [19,20].…”

“…It has been reported that repeated handled fish presented an increased disease resistance than unstressed fish regardless of dietary treatment [7]. Following 14 days of daily air exposing for 3 min, they found that daily repeated handling induced a higher disease resistance in handled fish than in undisturbed fish, together with increased cellular (NO production) and humoral immune responses (plasma lysozyme and ACP activities) as well as gLYS and HIF-1 expression values at the time of bacterial infection.…”