Dietary ascorbic acid requirement for growth of striped catfish,Pangasianodon hypophthalmus(Sauvage, 1878) juveniles

Abstract

A sixty-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the ascorbic acid (AA) requirement for growth of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus juveniles. Seven isonitrogenous and iso-energetic (370 g protein per kg and 19.6 MJ/kg) purified diets were prepared with different levels of ascorbic acid such as control (0), T 1 (17.5), T 2 (35), T 3 (70), T 4 (175), T 5 (350) and T 6 (700) mg ascorbic acid (L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate) equivalent per kg diet. Fish with a mean body weight of 3.2-3.4 g were stocked (fifteen fish per tank) in triplicates following a completely randomized design. Each group was fed to satiation twice a day for 60 days. Significant differences were observed in growth, survival, body composition and metabolic enzymes activities with different dietary ascorbic acid levels. Maximum weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were found in fishes fed with 35 mg AA per kg diet, supported by best feed conversion. Fish fed a diet containing vitamin C had the highest activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared to those fed with vitamin C-depleted diets.In this study, based on using broken-line regression analysis, the dietary vitamin C requirement for growth of P. hypophthalmus juveniles was estimated to be in the range of 46-76 mg AA per kg, depending on the criterion used, growth and liver storage.Our results will be helpful for the formulation of cost-effective ascorbic acid incorporated diets for striped catfish, P. hypophthalmus. K E Y W O R D Sascorbic acid, growth, L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, vitamin C requirement | INTRODUCTIONVitamin C (ascorbic acid) is considered as one of the essential nutrients required for growth and immunity in fish (Asaikkutti, Bhavan, Vimala, Karthik, & Cheruparambath, 2016;Dabrowski, 2000;Khan, Zuberi, & Ullah, 2015;Lim & Lovell, 1978; NRC, 2011;Pimpimol, Phoonsamran, & Chitmanat, 2012;Xu et al., 2016). Ascorbic acid (AA) has an extensive role in the enhancement of growth, collagen synthesis, iron metabolism, haematology, reproduction, stress physiology, wound healing and immune response in fish (Albrektsen, Lie, & Sandnes, 1988;Anbarasu & Chandran, 2001;Halver, Smith, Tolbert, & Baker, 1975;Roberts, Davies, & Pulsford, 1995). Many of the farmed fishes, such as ictalurids, cichlids and cyprinids, cannot synthesize vitamin C de novo because they do not contain the enzyme, L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase (Chatterjee, 1973;Dabrowski, 1994;Moreau, Dabrowski, & Sato, 1999;Xie, Niu, Zhang, & Bao, 2006;Yamamoto, Sato, & Ikeda, 1978). Ascorbic acid is soluble in water, and thus, leaching of this vitamin from feeds can be a serious issue (Abdelghany, 1996; Hilton, Cho, Brown, & Slinger, 1979; Hilton, & Slinger, 1977;Soliman, Jauncey, & Roberts, 1986). Wilson and Moreau (1996) reported that AA is not stable in the native form as 50 mg/kg of the supplemental AA will be destroyed during the feed manufacturing process. Therefore, accur...

Effect of dietary vitamin C on growth performance, body composition and biochemical parameters of juvenile Chu's croaker (Nibea coibor)

“…The optimum dietary vitamin C requirements of juvenile Chu's croaker based on WG and SGR were estimated as 102.28 and 98.21 mg/kg, respectively. This amount is comparable to those obtained in other fish species such as largemouth bass (102.6–109.5 mg/kg, Chen et al, ) and grass carp (92.8–129.8 mg/kg, Xu et al, ), but lower than some other fish species such as yellow drum (142.2 mg/kg, Wang et al, ) and Wuchang bream (700 mg/kg, Ming et al, ), and higher than large yellow croaker (28.2 mg/kg, Ai et al, ), cobia (13.6 mg/kg, Zhou et al, ) and striped catfish ( Pangasianodon hypophthalmus ) (46 mg/kg, Daniel et al, ). The differences in vitamin C requirement between Chu's croaker and those species may be attributed to specific requirements of different fish species due to variations in metabolic activities (Dabrowski, ) and their sizes (Chen et al, ).…”

“…Accordingly, dietary vitamin C enhanced significantly the immunological parameters (Khan et al, ), such as lysozyme (LZM) (Ai et al, , ; Wang et al, ; Xu et al, ) and AKP (Ming et al, ; Wan et al, ). Furthermore, dietary vitamin C improved significantly SOD (Zhou et al, ), total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) (Huang et al, ), catalase (CAT) (Chen et al, ) and ALT (Daniel et al, ) activities, and reduced MDA content in the liver of juvenile Chinese sucker ( Myxocyprinus asiaticus ) (Huang et al, ). Accordingly, an appropriate level of vitamin C is required in fish for optimum immunity response.…”

Modulation of growth, immunity and antioxidant‐related gene expressions in the liver and intestine of juvenileSillago sihamaby dietary vitamin C

“…Therefore, VC should be supplemented in diets for normal physiology activity in fish. On the account of the instability of VC in native form, the most stable form—L‐ascorbyl‐2 polyphosphate was used in the present study, in agreement with previous studies (Daniel et al, ; Li, Wise, & Robinson, ).…”

“…Caudal fin erosion, lordosis and scoliosis were found in Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus (Ai et al, ). Scoliosis, lordosis and darkening were found in striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Daniel et al, ). However, no gross deficiency signs were reported in large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Ai et al, ).…”

“…Numerous studies have proved that VC was essential for fish growth, and could positively influence immunity, oxidation resistance, resistance to environmental stress, iron and calcium absorption, hematopoiesis and collagen synthesis (Duncan & Lovell, 1994;Mahajan & Agrawal, 1980;NRC, 2011). VC deficiency caused gill rot, scoliosis, lordosis, retarded growth and high mortality (Daniel et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2016b;Zhou, Wang, Wang, Xie, & Wang, 2012). Teleost fish cannot synthesize VC de novo due to lacking in the L-gulonolactone oxidase (Zhou et al, 2012).…”