Dietary cadmium intakes of farmers in nonpolluted areas in Japan, and the relation with blood cadmium levels

Possible contribution of green tea drinking habits to the prevention of stroke.

“…The results of analyses in the relation between green tea drinking and hypertension stroke is described in this report. To avoid possible effects of confounding factors such as smoking, drinking and sex (Watanabe et al 1985;Ikeda et al 1988), nondrinking and nonsmoking women at >_40 years of age were selected for analysis ; in practice, 9510 subjects (or 54% of the female respondents) were available. No analysis was conducted with male population because most of men were either drinkers (87%) or smokers (83%).…”

Role of rice in dietary cadmium intake of farming population with no known man-made pollution in Japan.

“…Even though the possibility remains that cadmium levels in rice may be variable depending on the regions, the three concentrations were tentatively applied to the cases of minimum and maximum boiled rice intake in each sex (i.e., 557 g/day in Kagoshima and 1,247 g/day in Toyama for males, and 323 g/day in Tokyo and 804 g/day in Shimane for females ; Table 1) to estimate the cadmium intake via rice. The comparison with corresponding cadmium contents in 24-hour duplicates of diet (values cited from Watanabe et al 1984) shows that the average share of cadmium intake via rice (estimated as described above) in total dietary cadmium intake is 34.0% (22.7 to 59.3% as the range for four cases) when the mean cadmium level in rice is applied. It is 14.5% (7.3 to 26.5%) with the 95% lower limit of confidence, and 76.6% (51.0 to 133.5%) with the 95% upper limit.…”

“…Additional samples were collected from some (209 subjects ; 109 males and 100 females) of the same volunteers in immediately adjacent summers. Attentions were paid to ensure that typical daily diets be collected (Watanabe et al 1984). While the collection included all the food and beverages as much as taken by each examinee, the examinees were specifically asked to store rice in a separate plastic box in order that the weight of rice could be recorded apart from other food and beverages.…”

“…Data were cited from a previous report (Watanabe et al 1984) ; the determinations were based on the wet digestion of total diet homogenate followed by automated flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry for cadmium (Watanabe et al 1982). …”

“…Analysis of additional boiled rice samples (34 in total) collected from various parts of Miyagi Prefecture revealed that the cadmium content was 24.5 ng/g boiled rice (1.50) : 34 as GM (GSD) : N. Based on the boiled are the calculated regression lines for males and for females, respectively, where X is boiled rice intake (GM; g/day) and Y is dietary cadmium intake (GM; g/ day) by region. rice intake and the average cadmium content in boiled rice, the rate of cadmium in boiled rice over cadmium in whole day diet (cited from Watanabe et al 1984) was calculated on individual basis as boiled rice intake (g) X0.0245 (pug/g) X 100 (°/ total dietary cadmium (1ug) 0 ) When a normal distribution of the rate was assumed, the rate was 39.8±15.0%…”