Dietary Calcium in Human Hypertension

McCarron, David A.; Morris, Cynthia D.; Cole, C. M.

doi:10.1126/science.7089566

Cited by 300 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] However, since intake of these cations from drinking water generally represents only a small proportion of total intake, the role of dietary intake in relation to cardiovascular disease has become the focus of more recent investigation. Epidemiological and clinical research of the association of dietary calcium intake and BP has been extensively reviewed in recent years [6][7][8][9][10][11] including obtaining pooled quantitative estimates of effect. 7,11 However, less is known of the possible role of dietary magnesium on BP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary magnesium intake and blood pressure: a qualitative overview of the observational studies

Mizushima

Cappuccio

Nichols³

et al. 1998

J Hum Hypertens

122

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Published reports of 30 separate sets of analyses from 29 observational studies relating dietary intake of magnesium to blood pressure (BP) were identified through a comprehensive search using MEDLINE and BIDS-EMBASE. Three studies were prospective, 24 crosssectional (25 reports), of which four also contained a longitudinal component, and two were obtained from baseline data in a trial. Various dietary methodologies were used: 24-h dietary recall (n = 12), food-frequency questionnaire (8), food record (7), and duplicate diet (2). Twelve reports compared magnesium intake or BP level between subgroups. Seven showed a negative association between magnesium intake and BP level, and five reported no association. From 18 of the 30 sets of analyses either a regression estimate or a Pearson correlation coefficient was reported. Many reports also allowed identification of subgroups by sex, age and race. Ninety population samples and subgroups could

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary magnesium intake and blood pressure: a qualitative overview of the observational studies

Mizushima

Cappuccio

Nichols³

et al. 1998

J Hum Hypertens

122

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“…In the early 1980s, two publications by McCarron et al (83,84) showed that low-Ca 2þ diets were associated with hypertension and that dietary Ca 2þ consumption by US adults was inversely related to the possibility of developing hypertension. A meta-analysis of forty-two clinical trials demonstrated significant blood pressure reduction by increasing Ca 2þ intake either in non-pregnant populations as well as pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia (85) .…”

Section: Relationship Between Dietary Ca 21 and Lipid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular mechanisms triggered by low-calcium diets

et al. 2009

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Ca is not only essential for bone mineralisation, but also for regulation of extracellular and intracellular processes. When the Ca2+ intake is low, the efficiency of intestinal Ca2+ absorption and renal Ca2+ reabsorption is increased. This adaptive mechanism involves calcitriol enhancement via parathyroid hormone stimulation. Bone is also highly affected. Low Ca2+ intake is considered a risk factor for osteoporosis. Patients with renal lithiasis may be at higher risk of recurrence of stone formation when they have low Ca2+ intake. The role of dietary Ca2+ on the regulation of lipid metabolism and lipogenic genes in adipocytes might explain an inverse relationship between dairy intake and BMI. Dietary Ca2+ restriction produces impairment of the adipocyte apoptosis and dysregulation of glucocorticosteroid metabolism in the adipose tissue. An inverse relationship between hypertension and a low-Ca2+ diet has been described. Ca2+ facilitates weight loss and stimulates insulin sensitivity, which contributes to the decrease in the blood pressure. There is also evidence that dietary Ca2+ is associated with colorectal cancer. Dietary Ca2+ could alter the ratio of faecal bile acids, reducing the cytotoxicity of faecal water, or it could activate Ca2+-sensing receptors, triggering intracellular signalling pathways. Also it could bind luminal antigens, transporting them into mucosal mononuclear cells as a mechanism of immunosurveillance and promotion of tolerance. Data relative to nutritional Ca2+ and incidences of other human cancers are controversial. Health professionals should be aware of these nutritional complications and reinforce the dairy intakes to ensure the recommended Ca2+ requirements and prevent diseases.

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“…1,6 However, data on the effects of dietary calcium on blood pressure have been inconsistent. Both noninterventional studies [7][8][9] and randomized clinical trials 10 -15 have yielded conflicting results on the effects of calcium intake on blood pressure and weight loss (from null effects to protective effects).…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of Saturated Fat and Linolenic Acid on the Association Between Intake of Dairy Products and Blood Pressure

et al. 2006

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Abstract-Data on the association between dairy consumption and blood pressure have been inconsistent. We sought to examine the relation between dairy consumption and prevalent hypertension (HTN) among 4797 participants of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate prevalence odds ratios of HTN across categories of dairy consumption. From the lowest to the highest sex-, age-, and energy-adjusted quartile of dairy consumption, there was an inverse association between dairy intake and prevalent HTN: odds ratios (95% CIs) were 1.0 (reference), 0.82 (0.64 to 1.05), 0.68 (0.53 to 0.89), and 0.62 (0.45 to 0.84), respectively, in a model adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, field center, body mass index, dietary linolenic acid, saturated and monounsaturated fat, sodium intake, potassium, caffeine, fiber, and fruits and vegetables (P for trendϭ0.002). This association was independent of calcium intake and was mainly observed among subjects consuming fewer calories from saturated fat (P for interactionϭ0.014). Dairy consumption was inversely associated with systolic (P for trendϭ0.003) but not diastolic (P for trendϭ0.09) blood pressure. Although subjects consuming Ն2 servings per day of dairy products and higher total linolenic acid had the lowest prevalence odds of HTN, there was no evidence for interaction between linolenic acid and dairy consumption on HTN (P for interactionϭ0.65). In conclusion, our data indicate an inverse association between dairy consumption and prevalent HTN that was independent of dietary calcium, mainly among individuals consuming less saturated fat. This suggests that consumption of low-fat dairy products might be more beneficial for preventing HTN.

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Dietary Calcium in Human Hypertension

Cited by 300 publications

References 31 publications

Dietary magnesium intake and blood pressure: a qualitative overview of the observational studies

Dietary magnesium intake and blood pressure: a qualitative overview of the observational studies

Molecular mechanisms triggered by low-calcium diets

Influence of Saturated Fat and Linolenic Acid on the Association Between Intake of Dairy Products and Blood Pressure

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