Dietary combination of vitamin E, C and K affects growth, antioxidant activity, and the incidence of systemic granulomatosis in meagre (Argyrosomus regius)

Incidence of systemic granulomatosis is modulated by the feeding sequence and type of enrichment in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) larvae

“…The vitamin content of rotifer and Artemia has been previously studied by Meeren, Olsen, Hamre, and Fyhn, () being the level of vitamin E slightly lower in rotifer but those of vitamin C clearly lower (220.1 µg/g) compared with Artemia (530.6 µg/g). Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant and its deficiency has been related with the appearance of granulomas in turbot (Coustans et al, ; Messager et al., ), sea bream (Alexis et al, ) and meagre (Ruiz et al, ). The lack of Artemia in the feeding sequence increased the appearance of granulomas in meagre larvae after 30 dph (diets RO and RS) related likely with the differences in antioxidant vitamins of the live prey.…”

“…Betancor et al () observed that in sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) larvae, the supplementation of vitamin E up to 3,000 mg/kg diet had an antioxidant effect reducing TBARS values, decreasing lipid peroxidation and reducing the incidence of muscular lesions. In juveniles of meagre, the dietary increase in vitamin E and C lead to a reduction in the percentage and severity of granulomas in the liver and heart together with a decrease in TBARS content (Ruiz et al, ), suggesting that these vitamins have an important role in the development of systemic granulomatosis in this species.…”

“…Nevertheless, one of the most critical points in meagre production is the fish health considering the systemic granulomatosis as the more frequent disease in this species (Ghittino et al, ). The pathology is characterised by the presence of multiple granulomas in several tissues being the liver, heart and kidney the most affected organs (Ruiz et al, ). Although systemic granulomatosis is a disease of unknown aetiology, there is evidence that it could be triggered by a nutritional imbalance (Cotou et al, ; Ruiz et al, ).…”

“…Vitamin C deficiency has also been responsible for the appearance of granulomatosis in the kidney of sea bream ( Sparus aurata ) (Alexis, Karanikolas, & Richards, ). Ruiz et al () observed that high dietary levels of vitamin C, E and K reduced the severity and incidence of systemic granulomatosis in meagre.…”

Effect of dietary vitamin C on growth performance, body composition and biochemical parameters of juvenile Chu's croaker (Nibea coibor)

“…Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ASA) is a water‐soluble micronutrient essential for normal physiological functions and stimulation of the immune response of fish (Dawood & Koshio, ; Lim & Lovell, ). Specifically, vitamin C acts as a cofactor and plays important roles in many physiological processes involved in the biosynthesis of collagen (Darias, Mazurais, Koumoundouros, Cahu, & Zambonino‐Infante, ), carnitine and norepinephrine, which are necessary for normal fish growth (Ai et al, ; Chen et al, ), reproduction (Darias et al, ; Sarmento et al, ; Shahkar et al, ), cartilage and bone formation (Kraus et al, ), the absorption iron (Hsu & Shiau, ; Padayatty & Levine, ), response to stressors (Caxico Vieira et al, ; Chakrabarti, Singh, Sharma, & Mittal, ; Narra, Rajender, Reddy, Rao, & Begum, ; Yan et al, ), wound healing (Wahli, Verlhac, Girling, Gabaudan, & Aebischer, ), immune response (Barros et al, ; Dawood, Koshio, El‐Sabagh, et al, ; Gabaudan & Verlhac, ; Zhou, Wang, Wang, Xie, & Wang, ) and inflammatory response (Abdel Rahman, Khalil, Abdallah, & ElHady, ; Ruiz et al, ; Xu et al, ). Most teleosts cannot synthesize vitamin C de novo due to the lack of the last enzyme (L‐gulonolactone oxidase) required for vitamin C biosynthesis (Fracalossi, Allen, Yuyama, & Oftedal, ; Moreau, Dabrowski, & Sato, ; Xie & Niu, ).…”