Dietary enrichment of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with extra virgin olive oil in combination with seal oil inhibits atherogenesis

Abstract

BackgroundIn this study we investigated the antiatherogenic effect of dietary enrichment of a combination of extra virgin olive oil (EVO) and seal oil on apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-).MethodsSix-week-old female and male apoE-/- mice were for 12 weeks fed a lipid rich diet containing 19.5% fat and 1.25% cholesterol without any supplement, with 1% (wt/wt) mixture of extra virgin olive and seal oil (EVO/n-3), or 1% corn oil, respectively.ResultsSupplementation with the combination of EVO/n-3 significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortic arch, thoracoabdominal, and total aorta of female apoE-/-mice. The effect was less pronounced in male mice and significant reduction was only observed in the thoracoabdominal region of the aorta. There were no differences or changes in dietary intake or body weight gain. However, compared to the other groups, plasma levels of triglycerides were reduced in both female and male mice fed the EVO/n-3 mixture. Male mice on both treatments showed reduced plasma cholesterol compared to the control mice after 12 weeks on diet.ConclusionDietary supplementation of a marine/olive oil combination inhibits atherosclerotic lesion formation in the female apoE-/- mice by antithrombotic, antihypertriglyceridemic, and antioxidant effects.

From alga to omega; have we reached peak (fish) oil?

“…[43][44][45][46][47] At the same time, they target the artery walls where they exert anti-inflammatory effects including the inhibition of the tissue-destructive MMP group of enzymes. [45][46][47][48][49][50] This is a powerfully cardioprotective strategy, and when combined with o3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, the two sets of actives provide a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and cardio-protective environment. 50 The olive polyphenols are now regarded as playing a key role in the health-promoting benefits of the Mediterranean diet.…”

“…[45][46][47][48][49][50] This is a powerfully cardioprotective strategy, and when combined with o3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, the two sets of actives provide a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and cardio-protective environment. 50 The olive polyphenols are now regarded as playing a key role in the health-promoting benefits of the Mediterranean diet. [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] It seems probable that the phlorotannins played an analogous role in the Inuit diet; indeed, lipophilic polyphenols appear to be the only major component that exists in both of these very disparate but mutually health-protective (and anti-inflammatory) diets.…”

“…50 The olive polyphenols are now regarded as playing a key role in the health-promoting benefits of the Mediterranean diet. [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] It seems probable that the phlorotannins played an analogous role in the Inuit diet; indeed, lipophilic polyphenols appear to be the only major component that exists in both of these very disparate but mutually health-protective (and anti-inflammatory) diets. Their lipophilic nature also favours partitioning into adipose tissue, where they appear to inhibit the formation of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines.…”

Nutrigenomics and Atherosclerosis: The Postprandial and Long-Term Effects of Virgin Olive Oil Ingestion

“…An animal model that reproduces the processes taking place in the development of human atherosclerosis has been crucial to obtaining these conclusions, and this has been provided by the apoE-deficient mouse. Using this model, it has been proved that EVOO possesses beneficial antiatherogenic effects, and its enrichment with polyphenols (Rosenblat et al, 2008) and with long chain n-3 PUFAs (Eilertsen et al, 2011) further improves these effects, leading to the attenuation of atherosclerosis development. Feeding these mice with various olive oils rich in different minor components or with these components in isolation has made it possible to assess the contribution of those molecules to the beneficial effect of this food, these effects have been review by Guillen et al, 2009 and include the following: 1) increase of small, dense HDL enriched with apo A-IV tightly bound to paraoxonase; these apolipoprotein A-IV-enriched particles were very effective in inactivating the peroxides present in the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) which are thought to initiate atherosclerosis; 2) minor components decrease plasma triglycerides and LDL-colesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-colesterol), as well as 3) parameters of oxidative stress, such as isoprostane (8-iso-prostaglandin F2a); 4) EVOO acts against oxidative stress, which occurs primarily through a direct antioxidant effect as well as through an indirect mechanism that involves greater expression and activity of certain enzymes with antioxidant activities such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase-1 (Oliveras- Lopez et al, 2008).…”

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Diseases

“…There was a reduction in foam cells, T cells and expression of metalloproteinases. In an animal model of atherosclerosis, employing the apoE-deficient mouse, combination of extra virgin oil and fish oil gave rise to protection by a mechanism of anti-thrombotic, antihypertriglyceridemic and anti-oxidant (Eilertsen et al, 2011) The long chain, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA and DHA, are also substrates for the LOX and COX. It is evident that the metabolites of EPA and DHA display several means by which they can contribute to the regulatory network of lipid mediators; by replacing the highly inflammatory products of AA; having anti-inflammatory activity per se and displaying inflammation resolving abilities by having cell protection activity.…”