Dietary inclusion of anthocyanin-rich black cane silage treated with ferrous sulfate heptahydrate reduces oxidative stress and promotes tender meat production in goats

Abstract

Pre-treating anthocyanin-rich black cane with ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FSH) produces high-quality silage with anthocyanin and nutritional losses. However, it's unclear how to apply this to studies on how FSH-treated silage affects animal performance and meat quality. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a standard total mixed ration (TMR) containing anthocyanin-rich black cane silages either with or without dilutions of FSH on animal performance, blood biochemical indices, rumen fermentation, microbial community, and carcass characteristics in meat goats. Forty healthy crossbred Thai-native Anglo-Nubian male goats (14.42 ± 1.4 kg) were used to compare the feasibility of using anthocyanin-rich black cane silage (ABS) as a functional feed resource as opposed to anthocyanin-rich black cane treated with 0.030% commercial FSH silage (ABSF). All goats received a 90-day routine feeding of two isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets: the control group received TMR containing 50% anthocyanin-rich black cane silage (ABS; n = 20), and one group received TMR containing 50% FSH-treating anthocyanin-rich black cane (ABSF; n = 20). As performance indicators, average daily weight gain (ADG) and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured. Samples of meat, blood, and rumen were taken at the end of the experiment. There were no differences in final body weight, ADG, DMI, or ADG/DMI between the two groups. The ABSF group did not differ from the ABS group in terms of rumen pH, but the ABSF had a tendency to lower rumen ammonia N levels, and to higher total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Individual VFA concentrations differed, with the ABSF group having more Ruminococcus albus and the ABS group having more methanogenic bacteria. Blood biochemical indices differed, with the ABSF group having lower TBARS concentrations and the ABS group having lower TAC, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GSH-Rx concentrations. In comparison to goat meat from the ABS group, goat meat from the ABSF group contained more intramuscular fat and was more tender. The current results indicate that the feeding of a TMR containing 50% anthocyanin-rich black cane, along with FSH pre-treatment prior to ensiling, reduces oxidative stress and promotes the production of tender meat without affecting animal performance.

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“…The presence of these radicals within the ruminant body had resulted in the development of endogenous systems that are able to reduce the quantities of these radicals [ 2 , 21 ]. On the other hand, when these defense systems did not work or were not enough, the antioxidants that are present in the diet become extremely important as potential protective agents [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

“…In the presence of oxygen, the formation of alkyl radicals can result in hemoglobin oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and finally, hemolysis [ 25 ]. Recent research has linked the long-term accumulation of reactive oxygen species caused by a high temperature–humidity index to decreased ruminant animal productivity [ 34 , 35 ] and immunological function in tropical environments [ 1 , 2 , 23 ].…”

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“…small ruminants [8,19]. However, feeding of TBS to cattle resulted in favorable effect, including external fat color [28].…”

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“…There are two main methods by which a homeostasis of antioxidant balance is achieved: an enzymatic antioxidant, mainly through the triplet of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase [ 77 , 78 ], and non-enzymatic antioxidants, especially low molecular weight antioxidants, such as phenols, vitamin E, and carotenoids [ 79 , 80 , 81 ]. These exogenous antioxidants are the first line of defense against antioxidant free radicals of the body [ 82 ], and flavonoids are the most effective of all polyphenols [ 83 ].…”

“…They have a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral effects, and protection against various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation [ 91 ]. More than 6000 flavonoids have been identified to date [ 92 ], and they can be divided into six categories: flavonols, flavonoids, isoflavones, flavanones, flavanols, and anthocyanins [ 81 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 ] (the chemical structure is shown in Figure 3 ). In fact, they comprise a group of polyphenolic compounds produced in plants as secondary metabolites [ 98 ].…”