Dietary intake and adequacy in Mexican preschool children: National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012

Abstract

Objective: to estimate energy, nutrient intake and diet adequacy in preschool-aged children based on data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012.Material and methods: dietary data in children < 5 years (n = 1,212) collected through a Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ) were analyzed. Energy and daily nutrient intakes and adequacies were calculated comparing by sociodemographic characteristics.Results: median daily energy intake was 1,252 kcal (adequacy 104%). Adequacies above 100% were observed for calcium, zinc, vitamin C, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A and median of saturated fat. Low percent adequacies were observed for fiber, iron, polyunsaturated fat and vitamin D. Intakes were lower in the southern region compared to other regions. Most intakes and adequacies were higher in urban compared to rural areas, but fiber had the opposite trend. Indigenous children had low intakes and percent adequacies.Conclusions: risks of dietary deficiencies and excess are present in Mexican preschool-aged children, with marked differences across sociodemographicstrata.

Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study

“…Calcium intake increased with age, as has been found in other studies [13,46]; but as the AR also increases with age, the percentage of children with <AR intakes was higher in the older groups, especially in those of 4 to <6 years (Table 2 and Supplementary Table S1).…”

“…Among the nutrients studied, calcium and vitamin D have been the most frequently analyzed, in relation to bone mass [ 4 , 12 , 14 , 20 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. However, it is also important to pay attention to magnesium in relation to children’s bone health.…”

“…Calcium intake in RS and AMS groups was similar to that found in Spain by Olza et al [ 12 ], in children in the ANIBES study aged 9–12 years (872 ± 22 mg/day in boys and 759 ± 26 mg/day in girls), and also to those found by Dalmau et al [ 20 ], in children in the ALSALMA study aged 1–2 years (795.1 mg/day) and 2–3 years (858.6 mg/day); by Ortega et al [ 14 ], in children aged 7–11 years (859.9 ± 249.2 mg/day); by Chouraqui et al [ 45 ] (770–792 mg/day in children of 12–23 months and 729–746 mg/day in children of 24–35 months) and by Jiménez-Aguilar et al [ 46 ] (759.3 mg/day in children of 1–2 years and 859.9 mg/day in children of 3–4 years). However, it was slightly lower than that found in the ENALIA study [ 13 ] (928 ± 178.5 and 879 ± 161.9 mg/day in boys and girls of 1–3 years; 956 ± 159.1 and 903 ± 147.6 in boys and girls of 4–8 years; and 1025 ± 212.5 and 959 ± 167.7 mg/day in boys and girls of 9–13 years, respectively) and in the “Ingesta de calcio y densidad mineral ósea en escolares españoles” (CADO) study in children of 5–12 years (1227 ± 404 mg/day in boys and 1163 ± 401 mg/day in girls) [ 4 ]; it was also slightly lower than that found by other authors in other countries [ 19 , 22 , 48 ].…”

Selected determinants of eating behaviours among preschool children from the Kraków environment

“…A Brazilian study also confirmed the predictive importance of socio-economic factors on the development of indicators regarding nutritional status among children aged 0-3, with an indication of more favourable rates for children of mothers with higher socio-economic status [2]. Diversity in the nutritional value of the diet depending on living environment has been described among Mexican preschool children, with an indication of more favourable results among urban children than in rural areas [15]. Other Polish studies on diet structure and body mass index among preschool children in relation to place of residence showed differences in anthropometric indicators and diet structure depending on region (children from the western region of Poland had a significantly higher BMI than those from other regions) [36].…”

“…The low frequency of consuming whole-grain cereal products has also been described among preschoolers from Białowieża county [43]. A low intake of wholemeal cereal products may generate a risk of fibre supply deficiencies in food rations, as confirmed by studies conducted in Lublin [22], and also Mexican kindergartens [15].…”