Dietary intake of calcium and postmenopausal bone loss.

Stevenson, John C.; Whitehead, M. I.; Padwick, Malcolm; Endacott, J.; Sutton, Courtney M; Banks, L. M.; Freemantle, C.; Spinks, T.J.; Hesp, R.

doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6640.15

Cited by 64 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This is consistent with the findings of Matkovic et al [25] who suggested that calcium intake is important during linear skeletal growth but seems to have little effect on age-related bone loss. Our results furthermore agreed with those obtained earlier by our group and others, namely that calcium intake does not influence the postmenopausal bone loss [11,12,26,27]. As the postmenopausal bone loss was unaffected by a high calcium intake, the positive effect on BMC at menopause remained 12 years after.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The importance of reproductive history and lifestyle factors for bone mass and risk of osteoporosis is, however, not well established. Several studies have indicated that oral contraceptives, lactation, calcium intake, and physical activity have a positive influence on the skeleton [7][8][9], whereas others have not been able to confirm these relations [10][11][12]. Most of the studies have been carried out in a cross-sectional design and have in general failed to discriminate between the influence on the peak bone mass and the postmenopausal bone loss.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential risk factors for development of postmenopausal osteoporosis — Examined over a 12-year period

et al. 1991

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In a longitudinal study, we investigated the influence of risk factors on bone mass at menopause and postmenopausal bone loss in 121 healthy postmenopausal women. These women had completed a 2-year prospective study in 1979 and a follow-up examination in 1989. Measurements of the bone mineral content in the distal forearm (single photon absorptiometry) were performed 9 times during the initial study and once at the follow-up examination. Bone mass at menopause (initial measurement), rate of early postmenopausal bone loss, and the subsequent rate of bone loss over 10 years were thus determined. In addition, the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 1989. Information about risk factors was assessed by standardized questionnaires and included reproductive history and lifestyle factors (intake of calcium and vitamin D supplements, consumption of alcohol and caffeine, smoking habits, and physical activity). Lactation, oral contraceptive use, and dietary calcium intake above 1500 mg per day was associated with significantly increased bone mass at menopause. The number of pregnancies reduced the rate of early postmenopausal bone loss, whereas moderate alcohol consumption reduced the subsequent rate of bone loss. Smoking significantly reduced femoral bone mineral density. In conclusion, the present prospective study showed that some of the examined putative risk factors positively influenced bone mass at menopause, especially calcium intake, whereas the postmenopausal bone loss was virtually unaffected. Assessment of risk factors in postmenopausal women thus seems to have limited value for reducing future risk of osteoporosis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential risk factors for development of postmenopausal osteoporosis — Examined over a 12-year period

et al. 1991

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“…However, it is possible that other nutritional factors have been the more important determinants (5). Several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies could not discern a relationship between the dietary calcium intake and the rate of postmenopausal bone loss (6)(7)(8)(9). In contrast with dietary calcium intake, calcium supplementation has been shown to reduce postmenopausal cortical bone loss in a number of clinical trials, but the effect was small and considerably less than that of estrogen replacement therapy (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Calcium Supplementation Reduces Vertebral Bone Loss in Perimenopausal Women: A Controlled Trial in 248 Women between 46 and 55 Years of Age*

Elders

Netelenbos

Lips

et al. 1991

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

195

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To study the effect of calcium supplementation on perimenopausal bone loss, 295 women were randomized into a control group and 2 supplementation groups receiving, respectively, 1000 and 2000 mg elemental calcium/day for a period of 2 yr. We observed a significant decrease in lumbar bone loss in relation to the calcium supplementation (mean loss after 2 yr of 3.5% in the control group vs. 1.3% and 0.7% in the 1000 and 2000 mg groups, respectively), a significant increase in urinary calcium excretion, and a significant decrease in the urinary hydroxyproline/creatine ratio, serum alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The effect of calcium supplementation on lumbar bone loss was significant in the first year of supplementation, but not in the second. However, the urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio and the serum alkaline phosphatase level remained significantly decreased in the treatment groups at the end of the study; this was not the case for serum osteocalcin. Calcium supplementation did not have a significant effect on metacarpal cortical bone loss. The difference in biochemical parameters between the 2 supplementation groups was small. No significant interaction was observed between the menopausal status of the subjects and the effect of calcium supplementation. We conclude that calcium supplementation retards lumbar bone loss in the first year of calcium supplementation by reducing bone turnover. However, the effect on lumbar bone loss over a longer time span is still uncertain.

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“…Riggs concluded that "These data do not support the hypothesis that insufficient dietary calcium is a major cause of bone loss in women" (Riggs et al, 1987, 979). J.C. Stevenson reached the same conclusion in 1988 after conducting a more limited study (Stevenson, 1988). Interestingly, Riggs continues to advise his patients to consume 1000 mg of calcium from dairy products daily, despite his research results, on the grounds that "the nutritional value in dairy products goes beyond calcium" (Science, 1986, 519-20).…”

Section: A Calcium and Osteoporosismentioning

confidence: 76%

Who can be morally obligated to be a vegetarian?

Pluhar

1992

J Agric Environ Ethics

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Dietary intake of calcium and postmenopausal bone loss.

Cited by 64 publications

References 17 publications

Potential risk factors for development of postmenopausal osteoporosis — Examined over a 12-year period

Potential risk factors for development of postmenopausal osteoporosis — Examined over a 12-year period

Calcium Supplementation Reduces Vertebral Bone Loss in Perimenopausal Women: A Controlled Trial in 248 Women between 46 and 55 Years of Age*

Who can be morally obligated to be a vegetarian?

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