Dietary intake of middle-aged men from an East and a West German city after the German reunification: do differences still exist?

Winkler, George; Brasche, Sabine; Döring, Angela; Heinrich, Joachim

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600521

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…We observed differences in important food groups, being the higher bread, fruit, sausage, beer and soft drinks and the lower cereals, pasta, leafy vegetables and total water consumption in East compared with West Germany. A higher intake of bread, fish and fruit and a lower intake of pasta, drinking water and wine among East German men was also observed in a comparison of men from an East and a West German city (Winkler et al, 1998). Nevertheless, these differences may partly reflect regional habits that still existed, independent of the reunification process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Earlier comparisons of East and West Germany were based either on selected populations (eg of two cities), used different assessment methods or time intervals or were only conducted for men of middle age (Winkler et al, 1998). In the Nutrition Survey 1998, the same dietary assessment methods were used for all participants with documented relative validity (Mensink et al, 2001) by the same team of field workers in the same time period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before reunification, East Germans consumed more butter than West Germans. Around the time of reunification people living in East Germany ate more bread and sausages, and less milk, milk products, raw vegetables, citrus fruit, pasta and rice compared with their West German counterparts (Winkler et al, 1992(Winkler et al, , 1997(Winkler et al, , 1998Thiel et al, 1993;Bellach & Hermann-Kunz, 1995;Zunft et al, 1996;Hermann-Kunz & Thamm, 1999;Hellenbrand et al, 2000). At the end of the 1990s, the food availability was almost equivalent in both parts of Germany.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food and nutrient intake in East and West Germany, 8 years after the reunification—The German Nutrition Survey 1998

Mensink

Beitz

2004

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To explore differences in food and nutrient intake as well as cardiovascular risk factors between the eastern and western parts of Germany in 1998 and to compare food consumption information between 1991 and 1998. Design and subjects: In all, 4030 people, aged 18-79 y, sampled from the East and West parts of Germany participated in the German Nutrition Survey (1998) by completing dietary histories and being assessed for cardiovascular risk factors. In a separate analysis, two food frequency data sets were compared from National Health Surveys conducted in 1991 (n ¼ 7466) and in 1998 (n ¼ 4556).Results: In 1998, East Germans consumed more bread, fruit, fish, sausage, offal, and men additionally more cakes/cookies, beer and soft drinks than West Germans. They consumed less cereals, pasta, sweets, leafy vegetables, tea and drinking water, and men less vegetables and wine and women less pastry/crackers, potatoes and animal fat compared with their counterparts in West Germany. East Germans had a higher intake of total vitamin A, retinol, vitamin D, vitamin B 12 and chloride, and in addition men of alcohol, and women of monosaccharides. They had a lower intake of total water, vitamin K, calcium, magnesium and manganese, and men of linoleic acid, and women of vitamin E than their West German counterparts. In East Germany, higher mean systolic blood pressure, and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were found in men, and a lower mean total serum cholesterol concentration found in women compared with West Germany. Conclusion: Differences in food intake between the eastern and western parts of Germany still existed in 1998, although these differences were smaller than those observed 1 y after the reunification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food and nutrient intake in East and West Germany, 8 years after the reunification—The German Nutrition Survey 1998

Mensink

Beitz

2004

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…The authors did not consider alcohol consumption as confounder, which is markedly higher in males and might enhance oxidative stress and modulate immune responses [16][17][18][19]26]. As another potential covariable, a decreased fruit and vegetable consumption with a low intake of antioxidants was suggested to be associated with recent increases in asthma [25,27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individual daily food consumption, energy, total fat, and fatty acids were calculated from dietary records using a programme developed in the National Research Centre for Environment and Health based on the German national nutrient data file (Bundeslebensmittelschlü ssel II.2) [18,19]. Although some nutrient calculations were available from previous work, all calculations were repeated with the updated nutrient data file to obtain better quality and consistent information because this data file is constantly being expanded and corrected.…”

Section: Dietary Assessment Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Food and fatty acid intake and atopic disease in adults

Trak-Fellermeier¹,

Brasche²,

Winkler³

et al. 2004

Eur Respir J

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The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between dietary intake of selected foods and fatty acids with atopic disease prevalence in adults.Data from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey in Erfurt, combined with a 3-day weighed records dietary survey, was used. Complete data was available from 469 males and 333 females aged 20-64 yrs. Multiple logistic regression was applied comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of dietary exposures and linear trends were tested stratified by sex.In males, margarine intake and a high ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids were positively associated with hay fever. In females, a high intake of total fat, palmitoleic and oleic acids were positively associated with sensitisation. A high total fat, high monounsaturated fatty acid and high oleic acid consumption were positively associated with hay fever.Whilst an excessive intake of fat or imbalance in fat intake, particular of monounsaturated fatty acids, increased the risk for hay fever and allergic sensitisation in females, mostly no significant associations were found for males. Dietary factors were mostly not related with prevalence rates of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopic eczema either in males or in females.

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Diet in residents of East and West Germany in 1991?1992 as ascertained by a retrospective food frequency questionnaire

et al. 2000

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In this study, we compared dietary habits of residents in East (N = 76) and West Germany (N = 266) using results obtained in 1992-1993 from a retrospective semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire referring to 1991-1992. Nutrient intakes were calculated based on the German Federal Food Code. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine whether dietary intakes varied according to residence in East and West Germany. At the food level, East German subjects reported a higher consumption of bread, spreadable fat, and sausage, whereas West German participants reported a higher intake of fruit, vegetables, and pasta and rice. At the macronutrient level, energy intake did not differ significantly between groups, nor did the percent contribution of protein, carbohydrate, fat, and alcohol to total energy intake. East German participants had a lower total water and fibre intake, the latter significant only after adjustment for confounders. At the micro-nutrient level, East German participants had a higher intake of cobalamin, retinol and retinol-equivalents (but not of beta-carotene). There were no differences in the intake of vitamins C, D, and E between groups. Less salt and more potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc were consumed by West than by East German subjects. Overall, both groups showed disadvantageous dietary patterns. The results are discussed in the context of an overview of other dietary surveys performed in the two parts of Germany before and after reunification. In general our results are consistent with other observations showing that dietary habits in East Germany rapidly approached those in West Germany after reunification, although some residual differences seemed to persist.

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Dietary intake of middle-aged men from an East and a West German city after the German reunification: do differences still exist?

Cited by 15 publications

References 6 publications

Food and nutrient intake in East and West Germany, 8 years after the reunification—The German Nutrition Survey 1998

Food and nutrient intake in East and West Germany, 8 years after the reunification—The German Nutrition Survey 1998

Food and fatty acid intake and atopic disease in adults

Diet in residents of East and West Germany in 1991?1992 as ascertained by a retrospective food frequency questionnaire

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