Dietary intervention with an Okinawan-based Nordic diet in type 2 diabetes renders decreased interleukin-18 concentrations and increased neurofilament light concentrations in plasma

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by low-grade inflammation and cognitive impairment. An Okinawan-based Nordic (O-BN) diet rendered improved anthropometry and metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the inflammatory and neural responses after O-BN diet in health and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Two different breakfasts; one standard and one O-BNbased, were given in random order to 19 healthy volunteers. A 12-week O-BN-dietary intervention in T2D was performed, and the participants were followed for another 16 weeks, with registration of anthropometry and metabolic parameters. Non-diabetic subjects served as controls at baseline. Plasma was analyzed for cytokines by a 10-plex Luminex assay and for neurofilament light (NfL) by an ultrasensitive Single molecule array (Simoa) assay. Cytokine levels decreased after a single breakfast intake, independent of composition. Cytokine levels 3 were higher in T2D than in controls. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were improved by the dietary intervention. In parallel, cytokine levels were lowered, although only significantly for IL-18 (p=0.001) and with a tendency for IL-12p70 (p=0.07). IL-18 levels correlated with fasting glucose, HbA1c and lipids, but did not correlate with body mass index, insulin levels or blood pressure. NfL levels increased during the intervention (p=0.049). In conclusion, an O-BN-dietary 12-week intervention in T2D rendered decreased circulating IL-18 levels, which correlated with improved metabolic markers, but no beneficial effect on a blood-based neurodegeneration marker in the form of NfL.

Assessment of a 4-Week Starch- and Sucrose-Reduced Diet and Its Effects on Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Inflammatory Parameters among Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

“…Since this was a pilot-study investigating the effects of the SSRD on IBS patients, no power analysis was performed due to lack of previous data. However, our research team has previously investigated the effect of a carbohydrate-reduced diet on type 2-diabetes patients, where 23 participants demonstrated improved GI symptoms and changes in systemic cytokine expression after 12 weeks [30,31]. As the dietary intervention in the present study was of a shorter duration, we hypothesized that more participants would be required to show a possible effect of the SSRD.…”

Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, China

“…The link between DII and T2DM can be explained by the effect of a pro-inflammatory diet on insulin resistance, which is associated with the inflammatory state (Roden & Shulman, 2019). Previous studies have shown that systemic, chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by continuous elevation of inflammatory factors in the circulatory system is associated with the occurrence and development of T2DM (Gardener, Rainey-Smith & Martins, 2016;Nilholm et al, 2018). Inflammatory factors such as IL-6 (Fadaei et al, 2020), TNF-α, and CRP have been shown to predict the risk of T2DM (Akour et al, 2018); however, the specific mechanism remains unclear (Naidoo, Naidoo & Ghai, 2018).…”

The Effect of Plant Derived Bioactive Compounds on Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

“…Many studies have shown that a high intake of fruits and vegetables have positive effects on inflammation. [15,35,36] Diets with a naturally high content of fibers and phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, berries, nuts, and plant-oils (such as Mediterranean diet, [9,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43] Nordic diet, [44,45] or disease prevention diets like DASH [46][47][48] ), have been investigated for their health benefits. Overnutrition and physical inactivity mediate an increased leakage of LPS from the intestine, an increased mass of adipose tissue resulting in an induced state of inflammation (cytokines) and ROS production.…”

“…Many studies have shown that a high intake of fruits and vegetables have positive effects on inflammation. [ 15,35,36 ] Diets with a naturally high content of fibers and phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, berries, nuts, and plant‐oils (such as Mediterranean diet, [ 9,37–43 ] Nordic diet, [ 44,45 ] or disease prevention diets like DASH [ 46–48 ] ), have been investigated for their health benefits. The DASH and new Nordic diets are known for their lower content of saturated fatty acids, mainly due to restriction for low‐fat dairy compared to the MedDiet.…”