Dietary Pattern and Macronutrients Profile on the Variation of Inflammatory Biomarkers: Scientific Update

Abstract

It is known that the dietary pattern and macronutrients profile may influence the expression and secretion of inflammatory biomarkers, and the low-grade inflammation is associated with the manifestation of noncommunicable chronic diseases. Therefore, this review aimed to present and discuss the role of dietary patterns and macronutrients on the variation of inflammatory markers related to NCD risk. Scientific evidences within the last five years based on clinical trials, case-controls, cohorts, and cross-sectional studies indicate that normocaloric, carbohydrate-moderated, low-glycemic index, protein-moderated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich, omega-3, and low-saturated fat diets display positive effects on the inflammatory state, both in healthy individuals and in those with cardiovascular risk, although the second group seems to benefit more from changes in the dietary profile.

Dietary Inflammatory Index is Associated with Excessive Body Weight and Dietary Patterns in Subjects with Cardiometabolic Risk

“…Unhealthy eating habits and deleterious lifestyles, such as smoking and sedentariness, may trigger chronic inflammation thereby contributing to increased cardiometabolic risk and development of chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCD), such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer [1][2][3][4][5]. According to World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016, CNCD accounted for 41 million deaths, among these 17.9 million (44%) were by CVD, 9 million (22%) by cancer and 1.6 million (4%) by diabetes [6].…”

“…In turn, dietary pattern analysis allow the combination of foods consumed by a population and the identification of both protective and harmful dietary factors for the development of CNCD [3,7,8]. Dietary pattern analysis can be performed a priori or a posteriori.…”

“…The first uses indexes, which can evaluate the adequacy of food intake based on guidelines recommendations previously determined, such as Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII™) [9,10], Healthy Eating Index (HEI) [11] and Dietary Quality Index (DQI) [12]. The second one is based on statistical analysis of food consumption data to develop new dietary patterns, such as factor analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [3,13].…”

“…Moreover, a dietary pattern may be anti-inflammatory, as in the case of the Mediterranean diet, or be pro-inflammatory, such as Western diet, and therefore contribute to the prevention or development of CNCD [1,3,6,[14][15][16][17]. The DII was developed and validated in 2009 [8] and updated in 2014 [9] to evaluate the inflammatory effect of diet on health and disease.…”

Deciphering the Riddles in Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease

“…The MD is defined as the traditional dietary pattern found in the early 1960s in Greece, Southern Italy, Spain and other olive-growing countries of the Mediterranean basin. 12 It is a frugal diet that fulfils the definition of "healthy diet" ( Table 1), with some distinctive attributes ( Figure 1): olive oil the principal source of fat, moderate intake of wine (mainly wine during meals), fish, seafood, poultry, eggs and dairy products (cheese and yoghurt, preferred in the form of low fat), and low consumption of red meat.…”