Dietary patterns and CVD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Abstract

Epidemiological studies show that diet is linked to the risk of developing CVD. The objective of this meta-analysis was to estimate the association between empirically derived dietary patterns and CVD. PubMed was searched for observational studies of data-driven dietary patterns that reported outcomes of cardiovascular events. The association between dietary patterns and CVD was estimated using a randomeffects meta-analysis with 95 % CI. Totally, twenty-two observational studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled relative risk (RR) for CVD, CHD and stroke in a comparison of the highest to the lowest category of prudent/healthy dietary patterns in cohort studies was 0·69 (95 % CI 0·60, 0·78; I 2 = 0 %), 0·83 (95 % CI 0·75, 0·92; I 2 = 44·6 %) and 0·86 (95 % CI 0·74, 1·01; I 2 = 59·5 %), respectively. The pooled RR of CHD in a case-control comparison of the highest to the lowest category of prudent/healthy dietary patterns was 0·71 (95 % CI 0·63, 0·80; I 2 = 0 %). The pooled RR for CVD, CHD and stroke in a comparison of the highest to the lowest category of western dietary patterns in cohort studies was 1·14 (95 % CI 0·92, 1·42; I 2 = 56·9 %), 1·03 (95 % CI 0·90, 1·17; I 2 = 59·4 %) and 1·05 (95 % CI 0·91, 1·22; I 2 = 27·6 %), respectively; in case-control studies, there was evidence of increased CHD risk. Our results support the evidence of the prudent/healthy pattern as a protective factor for CVD.Key words: Dietary patterns: CVD: Systematic reviews: Meta-analyses CVD is the world's leading cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of people in developed and developing countries (1,2) . In Europe, a decline in CVD deaths has been observed, particularly in affluent countries (3) . Analysis from the WHO MONICA (Multinational MONitoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease) project attributed this lower CVD incidence and more than two-thirds of the decline in CHD deaths to a reduced exposure to risk factors, such as smoking or high blood cholesterol levels (4) . Nevertheless, CVD remains the major cause of overall death and premature deaths in Europe, especially in people younger than 75 years, accounting for 42 and 38 % of all deaths in women and men, respectively. In addition to 4·3 million deaths every year, there is an enormous individual and societal burden of cardiovascular ill-health (5) . Similarly, some studies have found that a large proportion of the decline in mortality -from approximately 44 % in the USA, Italy, England and Spain, for example, to as much as 72 % in Finland -can be attributed to reduced exposure to risk factors (6)(7)(8)(9) . The interrelationship between many chronic conditions and their risk factors also means that targeting key CVD risk factors may help prevent cancer and diabetes (10) .Multiple risk factors for CVD, such as family history, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, are well established (11) . Furthermore, the evolution of the disease depends on how many factors can be modified throughout life. The existing resea...

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Exploring the Dietary Patterns of Young New Zealand Women and Associations with BMI and Body Fat

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Misvisende om kosthold i ny nasjonal retningslinje for forebygging av hjerte- og karsykdommer

“…Risiko for hjerte-og karsykdom påvirkes av det helhetlige kostholdsmønsteret fremfor kun av enkeltnaeringsstoffer. En mindre andel mettet fett i forhold til umettet fett er likevel en del av alle kostholdsmønstre som er forbundet med lavere risiko for kronisk sykdom og tidlig død 216,[258][259][260][261][262][263] . Dokumentert helsefremmende kostholdsmønster som har et lavt innhold av mettet fett til fordel for umettet fett er blant annet et sunt, nordisk kosthold, middelhavskosthold og DASH-kosthold 134,216,[264][265][266] .…”