Dietary patterns associated with vitamin/mineral supplement use and smoking among women of the E3N–EPIC cohort

Abstract

Background/Objectives: An understanding of the relationships between dietary habits and supplement use or smoking is useful for aetiological studies and surveillance purposes. The objective of this study is to describe dietary patterns associated with vitamin/mineral supplement use and smoking habits in French women. Methods: Scores for dietary patterns were obtained by factor analysis in 64 252 women from the French E3N-EPIC cohort. The association with supplement and tobacco use was investigated by logistic regression analysis. Results: We identified three dietary patterns: 'processed meat/starchy foods' (fast foods, processed meat, rice/pasta/semolina and cakes and few vegetables); 'fruit/vegetables' (fruits, vegetables, seafood, vegetable oils and yoghurt); and 'alcohol/meat products' (alcohol, meat and meat products, and coffee, and few fruits and soup). Supplement use was positively associated with the fruit/vegetables pattern (multivariate OR for quartile 4 versus 1 (OR 4 ) ¼ 1.55, 95% confidence interval: 1.47-1.63), and inversely associated with the processed meat/starchy foods (OR 4 ¼ 0.84; 0.80-0.89) and alcohol/meat products (OR 4 ¼ 0.69; 0.66-0.73) patterns (P trend for all associations o0.0001). As compared with never smoking, current smoking was inversely associated with the fruit/vegetables pattern (OR 4 ¼ 0.85; 0.78-0.92), while former smoking was positively associated with the fruit/vegetables pattern (OR 4 ¼ 1.32; 1.25-1.40); both current and former smoking were inversely associated with the processed meat/starchy foods pattern (OR 4 ¼ 0.57; respectively); whereas current and former smoking were both strongly positively associated with the alcohol/meat products pattern (OR 4 ¼ 5.78; 5.26-6.36 and 2.03; 1.91-2.15, respectively); P trend for all associations was o0.001. Conclusions: Supplement use and smoking are strongly associated with dietary patterns.

Dietary patterns and their associations with health behaviours in Korea

“…The Multiethnic Cohort Study found that physical activity ($3 times/week) was positively asso- (14) . In addition, participants with the healthy pattern have been reported to have higher physical activity levels and to be more likely to take dietary supplements daily (27) (33) .…”

Use of a common food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess dietary patterns and their relation to allergy and asthma in Europe: pilot study of the GA2LEN FFQ

“…The Epidemiological Prospective Study in Cancer (EPIC) has reported dietary patterns in adults and elderly individuals in 10 European countries (Bamia et al, 2007;Masala et al, 2007;Touvier et al, 2009) using locally designed FFQs. Comparisons of dietary patterns were usually studied with a single 24-h recall questionnaire, standardised for all participant countries.…”

Characterisation of vitamin and mineral supplement users differentiated according to their motives for using supplements: results of the German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT)

“…Furthermore, it has been reported that supplement use is more frequent in women than in men (1,11,12) , in older people than in younger people (1,12) and in people with higher levels of education compared with those with lower levels of education (13,14) . Supplement users tend to be more physically active (15,16) , less likely to smoke (7,15) , have a lower BMI (11,14) and to make a healthier food choice (1,17,18) than non-users. However, little attention has been given to heterogeneity among supplement users.…”