Dietary Patterns Using the Food Guide Pyramid Groups Are Associated with Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors: The Multiethnic Cohort Study ,

Abstract

Dietary patterns have been used to identify typical combinations of foods that may be associated with disease risks. We defined dietary patterns among 195,298 participants of the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles in 1993-1996. Intakes of Food Guide Pyramid groups were calculated from a quantitative FFQ for subjects of 5 ethnic groups (African Americans, Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and whites). Three distinct dietary patterns, "Fat and Meat," "Vegetables," and "Fruit and Milk," were identified by exploratory factor analysis with a varimax rotation and validated by confirmatory factor analysis. Similar factor loadings were found for each of 10 ethnic-gender groups in stratified analyses. The odds ratios (OR) for being above the median scores for each factor were calculated. Age, gender, and ethnicity had relatively strong associations with dietary patterns whereas education showed only weak associations. BMI > or = 30 was strongly positively associated with the Fat and Meat pattern (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 2.08-2.20, vs. BMI < 25). Current smokers showed a positive association with the Fat and Meat pattern (OR = 1.67, CI: 1.62-1.72, vs. nonsmokers) and inverse associations with the Vegetables (OR = 0.66, CI: 0.64-0.68) and Fruit and Milk patterns (OR = 0.53, CI: 0.52-0.55). Physical activity was positively associated with the Vegetables and Fruit and Milk patterns but not with the Fat and Meat pattern. These findings support the hypothesis that dietary patterns are influenced by interrelated sociocultural, demographic, and other lifestyle factors and may be useful in investigations of diet-disease relations.

Major dietary patterns in relation to demographic and socio-economic status and food insecurity in two Iranian ethnic groups living in Urmia, Iran

“…Further, our findings are in accordance with several studies that have shown 'Western'-type dietary patterns to be followed more by younger individuals (30,(46)(47)(48)(49) . This may reflect acculturation to Western and/or urbanized eating habits and departure from traditional dietary habits (50) to a more modern and convenient dietary pattern mainly by younger generations.…”

Dietary patterns and their associations with health behaviours in Korea

“…The three dietary patterns identified in the present study were similar to the dietary patterns found by previous studies conducted among Asian and Western populations using factor analysis (10,14,15,22) .…”

“…The Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) population survey of 976 men aged 45-64 years also found a negative association of smoking status (P , 0?001) with a healthy dietary pattern (31) . (14) . Consistent with these findings, another study has shown that smokers are less likely than non-smokers to consume vegetables and milk or dairy foods.…”

Dietary patterns and socioeconomic position

“…A healthy dietary pattern has been consistently associated with a higher socioeconomic position (Dynesen et al, 2003;Huot et al, 2004;Robinson et al, 2004;Park et al, 2005;Kant and Graubard, 2007).…”