Dietary quality score is positively associated with serum adiponectin level in Indonesian preschool-age children living in the urban area of Jakarta

Abstract

An unhealthy diet during childhood directly impacts the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) later on in life. However, well-documented information on this issue is lacking. We investigated the dietary quality of young Indonesian children and assessed the relationship to serum adiponectin levels as an early marker of NCDs. Eighty-five (44 girls and 41 boys) Indonesian preschool-age children in East Jakarta were included in this study. Dietary intake data were gathered by collecting repeated 24-hour recalls for one weekday and one day during the weekend, which were then further converted into participants’ Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2015 scores. Meanwhile, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the serum adiponectin level. A multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the HEI 2015 score and serum adiponectin, adjusting for potential confounders. The mean HEI 2015 score was 33.2 ± 8.3 points, which was far below the recommended score of ≥ 80 points, while the mean serum adiponectin was 10.3 ± 4.1 μg/mL. Multiple linear regression testing showed that a one-point increase in the HEI 2015 score was significantly associated with an increase in the serum adiponectin level by 0.115 μg/mL after adjusting for exclusive breastfeeding history (β = 0.115; 95% CI = 0.010–0.221; p = 0.032). In conclusion, better adherence of young children to a healthy diet has a positive association with their adiponectin level. This result suggests that strengthening children’s dietary quality from an early age by involving all parties in the children’s environment (e.g., parents, teachers at school, policymakers) may help to reduce the risk of NCDs later on in childhood and during adult life.

Better diet quality is associated with healthier aging among urban elderly

“…The HEI-2015 score obtained in this study was considered as poor diet quality (Krebs-Smith). Other studies led by Indonesian researchers also showed poor diet quality (HEI-2015 score < 50) in healthy Indonesian women and preschool-age children living in the urban area [14,15]. According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans [30], the HEI-2015 score of American citizens ranged from 51 (teenagers of 14-18 years) to 63 (elderly aged 60 or older).…”

“…The HEI-2015 score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score representing a better diet quality (scores>80 good, 51-80 needs improvement, and <51 poor). It is noteworthy that although the HEI has not been validated in Indonesia and its implementation to measure individual diet quality is still not common, recent Indonesian studies have succeeded in obtaining valid findings using the HEI [14] [15].…”

Analysis of Balanced Diet Index Score with Fasting Blood Glucose in Adult in SDN X Sidoarjo

“…Menurut Khakpouri et al, peningkatan skor Healthy Eating Index berhubungan dengan penurunan risiko berbagai penyakit kronis atau penyakit tidak menular Khakpouri et al (2019). Penelitian yang dilakukan sebelumnya menjelaskan bahwa skor total Healthy Eating Index berkorelasi positif dengan nilai hormon adiponektin tubuh, dimana hormon adiponektin yang tinggi dapat menurunkan risiko obesitas, diabetes, inflamasi, dan penyakit kardiovaskuler Hayuningtyas et al (2021). Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa semakin berkualitas diet yang diterapkan oleh seseorang, maka semakin rendah risiko orang tersebut untuk mengalami berbagai penyakit.…”

“…Berbagai zat tersebut dapat berhubungan dengan keseimbangan mikrobiota usus serta peningkatan adiponektin, sehingga berdampak pada penurunan sitokin proinflamasi. Adanya penurunan sitokin tersebut dapat menurunkan kondisi inflamasi dan resistensi insulin, sehingga glukosa darah akan lebih terkontrol Hayuningtyas et al (2021). Dalam penelitian ini juga didapatkan bahwa skor IGS lemak jenuh dan lemak total pada kelompok responden dengan nilai glukosa darah normal lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada kelompok yang nilai glukosa darahnya tinggi.…”

“…Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Guo et al, dimana rendahnya skor healthy eating index berkorelasi dengan kejadian overweight dan obesitas Guo et al (2004). Selain itu, hasil penelitian dari Hayuningtyas et al juga menjelaskan bahwa rendahnya nilai healthy eating index berhubungan positif dengan nilai adiponektin serum sebagai biomarker terjadinya obesitas dan sindrom metabolik Hayuningtyas et al (2021). Kualitas dan kuantitas makanan yang dikonsumsi oleh seseorang dapat mempengaruhi kerja dari hormon insulin, sehingga berdampak pada nilai glukosa darah puasa.…”