Dietary silicon intake and absorption

Jugdaohsingh, Ravin; Anderson, Simon; Tucker, Katherine L.; Elliott, Hazel; Kiel, Douglas P.; Thompson, R. P. H.; Powell, Jonathan J.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.5.887

Cited by 247 publications

(256 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The intake from the British diet has been estimated to be 20-50 mg silicon/day (Bellia et al, 1994;Bowen et al, 1984, Pennington, 1991, corresponding to 0.3-0.8 mg/silicon/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person. These data are in the same range as mean estimated silicon intakes in the USA (30 and 33 mg silicon/day in men, and 24 and 25 mg silicon/day in women in two cohorts, respectively) (Jugdaohsingh et al, 2002).…”

Section: Siliconsupporting

confidence: 64%

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Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

2009

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYFollowing a request from the Commission to the European Food Safety Authority, the Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) added for nutritional purposes as a source of silicon in food supplements and on the bioavailability of silicon from this source.Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid is a mixture of orthosilicic acid and choline chloride.The present opinion deals only with the safety of ch-OSA as source of silicon and with the bioavailability of silicon from this source. The safety of silicon itself, in term of amounts that may be consumed and the consideration of silicon as a nutrient are outside the remit of this Panel.1 For citation purposes: Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food on choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements following a request from the European Commission. The EFSA Journal (2009) 948, 1-23. 2 Editorial changes only -on page 2 the words 'as well as mice' were included. The changes do not affect the overall conclusion of the opinion. To avoid confusion, the original version has been removed from the website. Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acidThe EFSA Journal (2009) 948, 2-23Silicon occurs naturally in foods as silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) and silicates. High levels of silicon are found in foods derived from plants, particularly cereals. Silicon levels are lower in foods from animal sources.Orthosilicic acid [Si(OH) 4 ] is the major silicon species present in drinking water and other liquids, including beer, and is the most readily available source of silicon to man.The essentiality of silicon for man has not been established and a functional role for silicon in man has not yet been identified.The bioavailability of silicon under the form of orthosilicic acid has been proven for cholinestabilised orthosilicic acid.Acute oral toxicity studies in male and female rats as well as mice have been performed. The calculated mean LD 50 value for ch-OSA exceeds (for both animal species) 5000 mg/kg bw.Concerning the acute oral toxicology of choline, an LD 50 value of 6640 mg/kg bw as choline chloride was found.Subchronic toxicity studies on ch-OSA were conducted both in animals (rodents and mammals) and humans (supplementation studies). No adverse effects were observed.The proposed dosage of ch-OSA in food supplements is 5 to 10 mg silicon/day (equivalent to 0.083-0.17 mg silicon/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person). The equivalent intake of choline amounts to 101-203 mg choline/day for the ch-OSA liquid, and to 117-234 mg choline/day for the ch-OSA pellets. This results in an intake of 135-272 mg choline chloride/day for ch-OSA liquid and of 157-314 mg choline chloride/day for ch-OSA pellets.The European Food Safety Authority estimated the typical dietary intake of silicon to be 20-50 mg/day, corresponding to 0.3-0.8 mg silicon/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person, and concluded that the...

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Section: Siliconsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Berlyne et al (1986) found slightly higher urinary silicon excretion in 23 normal individuals (about 33 mg of silicon/day). Jugdaohsingh et al (2002) reported urinary excretion of silicon around 20 mg/day in young adults.…”

Section: General Information On the Metabolic Fate Of Siliconmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

2009

EFSA Journal

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“…In general terms, there appear to be two distinct steps involved in biodistribution of dietary silicon after oral absorption: first, the rapid urinary excretion for most of the ingested silicon [9,15,25]; the other step would consist of tissue storage and/or metabolism for the minor part of the ingested Si, proportional to physiological balance [25]. In a human study using Si radioactive, Popplewell et al [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Si occurs naturally mainly as silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) or as silicic acids derived from the hydration of this oxide, while orthosilicic acid [Si(OH) 4 ] is the simplest and the major chemical form of water soluble Si (and it is found mainly in beverages) [13]. In addition, the presence of the orthosilicic acid is known as the biological form of silicon in humans and animals and plays a major role in the release of silicon into living cells [2,4,[14][15][16]. Despite the fact that Si is mainly absorbed from our diet as orthosilicic acid, when present in higher concentrations (it is stable only in concentrations lower than 10 −4 M ∼ = 10 mg/L) and with no addition of stabilizers to prevent self-association, this form of silicon polymerizes and forms silica (SiO 2 ) which allows very limited bioavailability (absorption ranging from 1% to 20%) [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Aging Effects of Monomethylsilanetriol and Maltodextrin-Stabilized Orthosilicic Acid on Nails, Skin and Hair

et al. 2018

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Chemical form of silicon determines its absorption and bioavailability: particulate and polymerized forms exhibit minimal oral bioavailability, while monomers (maltodextrin-stabilized orthosilicic acid, M-OSA) and organic compounds (monomethylsilanetriol, MMST) may hypothetically be highly absorbed. This study aimed to investigate the dermatological effects of oral ingestion of silicon, either solid (M-OSA-SiliciuMax ® Powder) or liquid (MMST, SiliciuMax ® Liquid) on the skin, hair and nails of healthy volunteers, through a clinical trial (Registry number 2,032,724. Full protocol at Plataforma Brasil website). Patients were randomized to receive 5 mg of elemental Si, either M-OSA or MMST (group 1 and 2, n = 17 each) or placebo (group 3, n = 17) twice a day for 150 days. Clinical and patients' subjective evaluations were conducted. Multispectral face imaging and hair mineral analysis were also performed. Use of M-OSA and MMST provided significant (p < 0.05) betterment of facial wrinkles and UV spots. Changes were also observed at the end of the study in skin texture and length of eyelashes. Hair aluminum levels decrease with the treatments. Self-reported questionnaire indicated good satisfaction with both M-OSA and MMST. Continuous use of both M-OSA and MMST can provide improvements on skin parameters, as well as act as a detox agent for aluminum.

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“…OSA is accepted as being the natural biological form of silicon (Si) in humans and animals and plays a major role in delivering silicon to the living cells (Reffitt et al, 1999;Jugdaohsingh et al, 2000;Jugdaohsingh et al, 2002;Sripanyakorn et al, 2009;Jurkić et al, 2013). The availability of silicon from a given source depends on the solubility or speciation of the compound concerned (Van Dyck et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of organic silicon (monomethylsilanetriol, MMST) as a novel food ingredient for use as a source of silicon in food supplements and bioavailability of orthosilicic acid from the source

2016

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to food (ANS) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of organic silicon (monomethylsilanetriol, MMST) as a novel food ingredient for use as a source of silicon in food supplements, and on the bioavailability of silicon from this source. MMST is proposed to be used as an aqueous solution at a concentration of 4.1 mM, corresponding to 115 mg Si/L. The anticipated intake of silicon from the proposed uses and use levels of 60-90 mL/day of MMST solution corresponds to approximately 7-10 mg Si/day. Data from in vitro and in vivo tests showed no genotoxic effect of MMST. From a 90-day toxicity study in rats a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was set at the concentration of 20.5 mM of MMST, corresponding to 232 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day of MMST, the highest dose tested and technically achievable. The Panel considered these data as fulfilling the requirements for the evaluation of the safety of the novel food ingredient and did not request additional testing neither for chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity nor for reprotoxicity and developmental toxicity. The Panel therefore concluded that the proposed use and use levels of MMST as a source of silicon to be used in food supplements is not of safety concern. The conversion of MMST to orthosilicic acid (OSA), the form under which silicon is typically present in food, could not be directly measured, and therefore, the Panel based its opinion on the indirect evidence provided and concluded that OSA is released from MMST and silicon bioavailable from the source. The Panel did not conclude on the safety of MMST in terms of the amount of silicon that may be consumed, as this is outside the remit of the ANS Panel. © European Food Safety Authority, 2016Keywords: organic silicon, monomethylsilanetriol, MMST, nutrient source, novel food ingredient, food supplements

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Dietary silicon intake and absorption

Abstract: Solid foods are a major source of available silicon. The association between dietary silicon intake and bone health should now be investigated.

Cited by 247 publications

References 24 publications

Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

Anti-Aging Effects of Monomethylsilanetriol and Maltodextrin-Stabilized Orthosilicic Acid on Nails, Skin and Hair

Safety of organic silicon (monomethylsilanetriol, MMST) as a novel food ingredient for use as a source of silicon in food supplements and bioavailability of orthosilicic acid from the source

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