Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

Abstract

The present study was done to examine the status of dietary sodium intake and dietary sources of sodium among Chinese adults. Data were obtained from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS) 2010-2012. All adults recruited in this study provided complete dietary data on three-day consecutive 24-h dietary recalls combining with the household weighing method. Sodium intake was adjusted for energy to 2000 kcal/day using the residual method. Average sodium intake was 5013 (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 4858, 5168) mg/day, and 92.6% of adults' sodium intake exceeded the standard in the Chinese proposed intake for preventing non-communicable chronic diseases (PI-NCD). The salt added to food was the main contributor to daily sodium intake, representing 69.2% of the total sodium consumption. The proportion of sodium from salt was different in some subgroups. The contribution ranged from 64.8% for those who came from urban areas aged 18-49 years old to 74.7% for those who came from rural areas with education levels of primary school or less, and sodium from soy sauce was the next highest contributor (8.2%). The proportion of the subjects with sodium intake contributed by flour products was higher in the north with 7.1% than the south with 1.4%. The average consumption of sodium among Chinese was more than the recommended amount, and salt was the main source of sodium.

Age- and Sex-Specific Prevalence and Modifiable Risk Factors of Mild Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults in China: A Population-Based Observational Study

“…The prevalence rate differences between males and females observed in this study align well with the data from other parts of China (Xue et al, 2018). Due to the acceleration of urbanization, improvement of living standards, and the heavy-flavored diet of the Northern population (i.e., due to excessive use of salt) (Fang et al, 2020), the Northern Chinese have a higher prevalence of hypertension compared to those in the South (Zhao et al, 2004). As the survey site is limited to the Northern region, the findings of the current study can only be generalized to Northern (Chinese) older adults.…”

Contribution of food groups to energy, grams and nutrients-to-limit: the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health/Estudio Latino Americano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS)

“…A high consumption of dietary Na was observed with the Latin American individuals, but lower than the world average intake (4000 mg/d) (33) . Some gaps comparing to WHO recommendations might exist (34) . Discrepancies between high-income and low-and middle-income countries (i.e.…”

“…canned and frozen items), in addition to the salt added to the home-based preparation. Therefore, measurements to limit and monitor salt and Na intake are needed (34) . Also, family-based strategies are needed to promote healthy eating and reduce intake of Na and other nutrients-to-limit in Latin America (35,36) .…”

Relationship of Sodium Intake with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

“…It should be noted that dietary sodium intake among children and adolescent is 4102 mg/day, which exceeded the maximum recommended amount set by WHO [ 29 ]. In China, the main source of dietary sodium was salt; a previous study reported that salt accounted for more than two-thirds (68.7%) of total dietary sodium intake [ 30 ]. Therefore, reducing salt intake is a key stratagem to prevent overconsumption of sodium intake.…”