Differences among Unique Nanoparticle Protein Corona Constructs: A Case Study Using Data Analytics and Multi-Variant Visualization to Describe Physicochemical Characteristics

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) used in pharmaceutical treatments have been shown to effectively deliver a payload, such as an active pharmaceutical ingredient or image contrast agent, to targeted tissues in need of therapy or diagnostics while minimizing exposure, availability, and accumulation to surrounding biological compartments. Data sets collected in this field of study include some toxico- and pharmacodynamic properties (e.g., distribution and metabolism) but many studies lack information about adsorption of biological molecules or absorption into cells. When nanoparticles are suspended in blood serum, a protein corona cloud forms around its surface. The extent of the applications and implications of this formed cloud are unknown. Some researchers have speculated that the successful use of nanoparticles in pharmaceutical treatments relies on a comprehensive understanding of the protein corona composition. The work presented in this paper uses a suite of data analytics and multi-variant visualization techniques to elucidate particle-to-protein interactions at the molecular level. Through mass spectrometry analyses, corona proteins were identified through large and complex datasets. With such high-output analyses, complex datasets pose a challenge when visualizing and communicating nanoparticle-protein interactions. Thus, the creation of a streamlined visualization method is necessary. A series of user-friendly data informatics techniques were used to demonstrate the data flow of protein corona characteristics. Multi-variant heat maps, pie charts, tables, and three-dimensional regression analyses were used to improve results interpretation, facilitate an iterative data transfer process, and emphasize features of the nanoparticle-protein corona system that might be controllable. Data informatics successfully highlights the differences between protein corona compositions and how they relate to nanoparticle surface charge.

Toxicological Behavior of Gold Nanoparticles on Various Models: Influence of Physicochemical Properties and Other Factors

“…159,162 Formation of protein corona has significant effect on targeting ability, cellular uptake, accumulation and toxicity of nanoparticles in living systems, 77 since the formation of protein corona has the tendency to change the biological effects of the nanoparticles. 163 The structure and composition of protein corona is largely controlled by the surface coating. 39 It was reported that protein corona formation is minimized by functionalizing agents, such as coating of AuNPs with GSH and PEG, as these reportedly shield the surface of nanoparticles from serum protein binding (opsonization).…”

“Soft Protein Corona” as the Stabilizer of the Methionine-Coated Silver Nanoparticles in the Physiological Environment: Insights into the Mechanism of the Interaction

“…After the addition of buffered AgMet dispersion in BSA solution, the dispersion underwent the peptization process, which is clearly observed in the TEM micrograph ( Figure 2 B). Additionally, Figure 2 C,D show that AgNPs are surrounded by a non-uniform BSA cloud by forming a core (AgNPs, black sphere)–shell (BSA, white-grey cloud)-type structure [ 21 , 22 ]. Undefined clouds of BSA surrounding the NPs indicate the presence of a “soft” corona [ 23 ].…”

Engineering a Nano/Biointerface for Cell and Organ-Selective Drug Delivery

“…As another key surface property, surface charge determines the composition of protein corona that binds to the surface of NPs. For example, AuNPs with negatively charged surfaces (conjugated with a carboxyl group) formed a different protein corona than positively charged (conjugated with amine group) and neutral (conjugated with PEG) NPs . Cationic particles generally adsorb more proteins than the negative and neutral ones, mainly driven by the electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged proteins .…”