Differences between Expert and Novice Soccer Players When Using Movement Precues to Shoot a Penalty Kick

Abstract

In the present study, effects of using precues of the goalkeeper's movements during a penalty kick on the penalty taker's response time and rate of success when selecting the points at which shots were taken were evaluated. 20 male players included 10 expert players (M=25.7 yr., SD=4.2 yr.) and 10 novices (M=22.1 yr., SD=2.5 yr.), whose response time, decision making, and foveal vision in a simulated penalty kick task were evaluated. Analysis showed greater decrease in response time for the expert group (102 msec.) than for the novice one (47 msec.). Mean response time was 172 msec. for experts and 189 msec. for novices. The rate of success (i.e., shooting at the side opposite to the goalkeeper's movement) increased from an initial rate of 58% for both groups to 91.3% in the Expert group and 90.7% in the Novice group. Anticipation of both groups improved with explicit knowledge of precues.

Tactical Skills and Ball Speed during a Field Simulation of Penalty Kick Strategies in Soccer

“…Previous research has revealed the ability of the goalkeepers to use advance cues in the penalty kick (e.g., Williams & Burwitz, 1993;McMorris & Colenso, 1996;Williams, 2000;Núñez, et al, 2005;Savelsbergh, et al, 2005;Panchuk & Vickers, 2006;Núñez, et al, 2009). During the treatment sessions, the Independent strategy group obtained a mean of successful goals per session almost twice that of the Dependent strategy group; thus, the use of cues permitted the goalkeepers to block those kickers who did not improve their results in the posttreatment sessions.…”

“…Recently, interest in the penalty situation in soccer has increased. Research has moved on from the classical study of utilization of anticipation cues, which distinguishes an expert from an inexperienced goalkeeper (e.g., Williams, 2000;Savelsbergh, Williams, Van der Kamp, & Ward, 2002;Núñez, Oña, Bilbao, & Raya, 2005;Savelsberg, Van der Kamp, Williams, & Ward, 2005;Núñez, Oña, Raya, & Bilbao, 2009), to studying the time limitations the penalty kicker is subject to as a function of the available visual information (Morya, Ranvaud, & Pinheiro, 2003;Castillo, Oña, Raya, & Martínez, 2005;Bakker, Oudejans, Binsch, & Van der Kamp, 2006;Van der Kamp, 2006).…”

Effect of Verbal Cueing on Trajectory Anticipation in the Penalty Kick among Novice Football Goalkeepers

“…Interest in the penalty kick and the role of the goalkeeper in saving penalties has become a feature of recent sport science investigations. Some have focused on applying perceptual strategies to enhancing the performance of both the kicker and goalkeeper during the penalty kick (Hanvey, 1999;Poulter, Jackson, Wann, & Berry, 2005;Núñez, Oña, Raya, & Bilbao, 2009). Others have identified the strategies employed by successful goalkeepers by comparing expert and novice goalkeepers (Savelsbergh, Williams, van der Kamp, & Ward, 2002;Castillo, Oña, Raya, Bilbao, & Serra, 2010) and studying their body position before the kick is taken or observing the probability of success on the basis of the location of the kicked ball in the goal (Panchuk & Vickers, 2006;Bar-Eli, Azar, Ritov, Keidar-Levin, & Schein, 2007;Masters, van der Kamp, & Jackson, 2007;Bar-Eli & Azar, 2009;Núñez, Oña, Raya, & Bilbao, 2010).…”

“…Based on studies focusing on the application of perceptual strategies, Núñez, et al (2009Núñez, et al ( , 2010 evaluated the anticipation of novice and expert players if goalkeepers' pre-cues were available. The results showed an explicit knowledge of pre-cues improved anticipation in both groups.…”

“…The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of applying verbal cueing technique as an experts' perceptual strategy for novice goalkeepers in the penalty kick regardless of physical factors such as flexibility and agility. The reason for this is that movement, time, and anticipation are important factors in all decision-making (Núñez, et al, 2009(Núñez, et al, , 2010. In addition, research has demonstrated that goalkeepers, and especially skilled goalkeepers, are able to anticipate the penalty takers' intention accurately by processing their body movements before they contact the ball (Williams & Burwitz, 1993;McMorris & Hauxwell, 1997;Williams & Davids, 1998;Savelsbergh, et al, 2002).…”