Differences in Effects of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids on Five Generalist Insect Herbivore Species

Máčel, Mirka; Bruinsma, Maaike; Dijkstra, Sander M.; Ooijendijk, Tessa; Niemeyer, Hermann M.; Klinkhamer, Peter G. L.

doi:10.1007/s10886-005-5793-0

Cited by 112 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Plants of S. jacobaea with and without Haplothrips senecionis, a specialist on Senecio species, did not yield any difference in total PA concentration (Vrieling et al 1991). In vitro tests studying the effect of different PAs on the development of first instar larvae of the generalist F. occidentalis showed a significantly reduced larval survival at 10 × plant concentrations but not at 1 × plant concentrations (Macel et al 2005). Neither jaconine nor jacobine were included in these in vitro tests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The ellipse represents the Hotelling T2 with 95% confidence in score plots herbivores. They deter chewing insects such as caterpillars (Bentley et al 1984;van Dam et al 1995), locusts (Macel et al 2005), and beetles (Hägele and Rowell-Rahier 2000). PAs also have a negative effect on sucking insects such as aphids (Vrieling et al 1991;Macel et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NMR Metabolomics of Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Resistance in Senecio Hybrids

et al. 2009

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Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) has become a key insect pest of agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. Little is known about host plant resistance to thrips. In this study, we investigated thrips resistance in F 2 hybrids of Senecio jacobaea and Senecio aquaticus. We identified thrips-resistant hybrids applying three different bioassays. Subsequently, we compared the metabolomic profiles of these hybrids applying nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The new developments of NMR facilitate a wide range coverage of the metabolome. This makes NMR especially suitable if there is no a priori knowledge of the compounds related to herbivore resistance and allows a holistic approach analyzing different chemical compounds simultaneously. We show that the metabolomes of thrips-resistant and -susceptible hybrids differed considerably. Thrips-resistant hybrids contained higher amounts of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), jacobine, and jaconine, especially in younger leaves.Also, a flavanoid, kaempferol glucoside, accumulated in the resistant plants. Both PAs and kaempferol are known for their inhibitory effect on herbivores. In resistant and susceptible F 2 hybrids, young leaves showed less thrips damage than old leaves. Consistent with the optimal plant defense theory, young leaves contained increased levels of primary metabolites such as sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose, but also accumulated jacaranone as a secondary plant defense compound. Our results prove NMR as a promising tool to identify different metabolites involved in herbivore resistance. It constitutes a significant advance in the study of plant-insect relationships, providing key information on the implementation of herbivore resistance breeding strategies in plants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR Metabolomics of Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Resistance in Senecio Hybrids

et al. 2009

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“…Changes in the concentration of individual PAs aboveground may attract specialist herbivores while deterring generalists (Macel and Vrieling 2003;Macel et al 2005;Macel and Klinkhamer 2009). In our study, the levels of retrorsine and retrorsine N-oxide were raised in the plants grown on soils inoculated with non-sterilized Heteren soil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type affect pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Jacobaea vulgaris

Joosten

Mulder²,

Klinkhamer

et al. 2009

Plant Soil

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Secondary metabolites like pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) play a crucial part in plant defense. We studied the effects of soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type on pyrrolizidine alkaloids in roots and shoots of Jacobaea vulgaris. We used clones of two genotypes from a dune area (Meijendel), propagated by tissue culture and grown on two sterilized soils and sterilized soils inoculated with 5% of non-sterilized soil of either of the two soil-types. Soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type affected the composition of PAs. By changing the composition rather than the total concentration below and aboveground, plants have a more complex defense strategy than formerly thought. Interestingly, a stronger negative effect on plant growth was found in sterilized soils inoculated with their 'own' microbial community suggesting that pathogenic and/or other plant inhibiting microorganisms were adapted to their 'own' soil conditions.

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“…Probably the question of the incidence of pairwise versus diffuse defense evolution will vary with factors such as plant organ (e.g., fruit vs. leaf), defense type, and herbivore diet breadth. Even crude measures of the toxicity or deterrent effects of specific compounds across a wide array of insects appear to be rather rare, and those few suggest that effects are not highly correlated across herbivores (53)(54)(55). Genetic correlations of resistance of whole plants against various herbivores are also rather low (56)(57)(58), but these correlations, across genotypes that vary in many characters, may say little about the cross-effectiveness of any one defense character.…”

Section: Evolution Of Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Futuyma

Agrawal

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

548

467

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Terrestrial biodiversity is dominated by plants and the herbivores that consume them, and they are one of the major conduits of energy flow up to higher trophic levels. Here, we address the processes that have generated the spectacular diversity of flowering plants (>300,000 species) and insect herbivores (likely >1 million species). Long-standing macroevolutionary hypotheses have postulated that reciprocal evolution of adaptations and subsequent bursts of speciation have given rise to much of this biodiversity. We critically evaluate various predictions based on this coevolutionary theory. Phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral states has revealed evidence for escalation in the potency or variety of plant lineages' chemical defenses; however, escalation of defense has been moderated by tradeoffs and alternative strategies (e.g., tolerance or defense by biotic agents). There is still surprisingly scant evidence that novel defense traits reduce herbivory and that such evolutionary novelty spurs diversification. Consistent with the coevolutionary hypothesis, there is some evidence that diversification of herbivores has lagged behind, but has nevertheless been temporally correlated with that of their host-plant clades, indicating colonization and radiation of insects on diversifying plants. However, there is still limited support for the role of host-plant shifts in insect diversification. Finally, a frontier area of research, and a general conclusion of our review, is that community ecology and the long-term evolutionary history of plant and insect diversification are inexorably intertwined.coevolution ͉ herbivory ͉ insect host range ͉ phylogenetic analyses ͉ plant defense theory

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Differences in Effects of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids on Five Generalist Insect Herbivore Species

Cited by 112 publications

References 52 publications

NMR Metabolomics of Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Resistance in Senecio Hybrids

NMR Metabolomics of Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Resistance in Senecio Hybrids

Soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type affect pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Jacobaea vulgaris

Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

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