Differences in Microbial Community and Metabolites in Litter Layer of Plantation and Original Korean Pine Forests in North Temperate Zone

Abstract

In order to explore the relationship between microbial diversity and metabolites in the litter layer of northern temperate forests, the microbial community structure and metabolite species in the litter layer of an original Korean pine forest and Korean pine plantation of northern temperate climate were determined on the basis of high-throughput sequencing and metabonomic techniques. The results showed that there were 698 bacterial genera and 363 fungal genera in the litter samples in the original Korean pine forest. Linear discriminant effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed that there were 35 indicator bacterial species and 19 indicator fungal species. In the litter samples of the Korean pine plantation, there were 622 bacterial genera and 343 fungal genera. Additionally, LEfSe analysis showed that there were 18 indicator bacterial species and 5 indicator fungal species. The litter of the two forest types contained 285 kinds of organic compounds, among which 16 different metabolites were screened, including 6 kinds of organic acids, 5 kinds of amino acids, 2 kinds of sugars, 2 kinds of sugar alcohols, and 1 kind of lipid. Latescibacteria, Rokubacteria, and Olpidiomycota are unique to the original Korean pine forest. They can catalyze the degradation rate of litter and decompose cellulose and chitin, respectively. Subgroup 6 was abundant in the lower litter layer. Subgroup 6 can grow with carbon compounds as substrate. It was clear that the microbial diversity of the litter layer in the original Korean pine forest was higher than that of the Korean pine plantation. Moreover, whether original forest or plantation forest, the lower-litter layer microbial diversity was higher than that in the middle-litter layer. CCA showed that the main metabolites were related to Chitinophagaceae_uncultured were saccharopine. The main metabolites associated with Mortierella and Polyscytalum were myo-inositol. At the same time, analysis of the difference between the litter layer of the original Korean pine forest and the Korean pine plantation also provides a theoretical basis for their participation in the element cycles of forest ecosystems.

Expanded diversity of tfdA harboring bacteria across the natural and built environment

“…Most of the novel putative degraders were members of Candidatus Rokubacteria in our search and contained representatives from marine, freshwater, soil, subsurface, and sediment environments. This observation is consistent with previous reports of the global diversity of Rokubacteria (46), which are also expected to play an important role in sulfur cycling (47,48) and degradation of complex carbon compounds found in leaf litter or root exudates (48)(49)(50). Previous work demonstrating uncultured microbes like Rokubacteria may use alternative metabolic pathways that prevent their culturing under typical conditions (46,51,52) highlights the power of non-culture-based methods in exploring community structure and function and the limits of historic cultured-based primer development methods for environmental analyses.…”

First Report of the Endophytic Bacteria Associated with Phormidium sp.

“…The sequences of seven endophytic bacteria were deposited at the GenBank with accession numbers (MW759557-MW759563). Previous research has shown that these bacteria are isolated and identified from different hosts (Zhang et al, 2014;Battu et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2020;Cheng et al, 2021). However, these genera were not found in the Phormodium sp.…”

Effects of Forest Gaps on the Structure and Diversity of Soil Bacterial Communities in Weeping Cypress Forest Plantations

“…LEfSe analysis showed that Proteobacteria had the highest contribution to the soil bacterial community in winter, which was related to the high hemoglobin content in the topsoil layer. Proteobacteria use hydropyrite as an electron acceptor to drive iron ore reduction under an anoxic environment and reduce iron-containing organic matter to ferrous atoms, resulting in an increase in heme content (Wang et al, 2020 ). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria significantly increased in winter and significantly decreased in summer, while the relative abundance of Planctomycetes showed the opposite trend.…”