Differences in virulence between two serotypes of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Swennes, Alton G.; Noe, Jane; Findly, R. C.; Dickerson, Harry W.

doi:10.3354/dao069227

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The present study represents the first report demonstrating differences in sensitivity to CuSO 4 between isolates of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and complements a recent report by Swennes et al (2006) that describes virulence differences between I. multifiliis serotypes. The differences in copper toxicity described here may explain anecdotal reports concerning the effectiveness of CuSO 4 treatments in various localities and has obvious practical importance.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…In fish, hardness (specifically, calcium hardness) affects the toxicity of copper by modulating the fish's biological response to the metal; calcium ions may compete with cupric ions for cation binding or adsorption sites at the gill surface, resulting in decreased copper uptake by fish (Cusimano et al 1986). A similar mechanism is suggested in the present study; however, other cations responsible for hardness may modulate copper toxicity more than calcium in different regions throughout the world.The present study represents the first report demonstrating differences in sensitivity to CuSO 4 between isolates of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and complements a recent report by Swennes et al (2006) that describes virulence differences between I. multifiliis serotypes. The differences in copper toxicity described here may explain anecdotal reports concerning the effectiveness of CuSO 4 treatments in various localities and has obvious practical importance.…”

supporting

confidence: 60%

“…These antigens vary among natural isolates, and either monoclonal antibodies or reference polyclonal antisera that bind specific i-antigens can be used to define serotypes in simple immobilization assays (Dickerson et al 1993, Swennes et al 2006. Previous work has shown that serotype D strains are the most common in nature and express an abundant 55 kDa i-antigen on their surface (Wang et al 2002).…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Copper sulfate toxicity to two isolates of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis relative to alkalinity

Straus

Hossain²,

Clark³

2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Theronts from 2 different strains of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (AR1 and AR5) were exposed to copper sulfate (CuSO 4 ) in waters of different total alkalinities and observed for 4 h to determine relative toxicity and kinetics of parasite mortality. Consistent with the known solubility properties of the metal, Cu was significantly more toxic to cells maintained under low (48 mg l ) total alkalinity conditions. This was reflected in both the median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) values and rates of mortality for both parasite strains; strain differences were also observed. The AR1 strain was significantly more resistant to copper toxicity than the AR5 strain in both high and low alkalinity waters. In general, these strain differences were more evident under conditions of low stress (i.e. low CuSO 4 concentration and high alkalinity), and suggest that genetic factors are overridden under high stress conditions. The present study establishes a role for alkalinity in the effectiveness of CuSO 4 treatment of ichthyophthiriasis and reveals differences in the susceptibility of parasite populations that are clearly important for control programs. KEY WORDS: Strain differences · Ichthyophthirius multifiliis · Copper toxicity Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 83: [31][32][33][34][35][36] 2009 pounds at high alkalinities (Chakoumakos et al. 1979, Laurén & McDonald 1986. To account for this reduced toxicity or efficacy, the current practice for therapeutic use of CuSO 4 in culture ponds is to increase application rates in direct proportion to the total alkalinity of the water (MacMillan 1985, Tucker & Robinson 1990.It has become clear over the past decade that natural isolates of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis can be distinguished based on a number of criteria, most notably, the expression of surface immobilization antigens or i-antigens (Clark & Forney 2003). These antigens vary among natural isolates, and either monoclonal antibodies or reference polyclonal antisera that bind specific i-antigens can be used to define serotypes in simple immobilization assays (Dickerson et al. 1993, Swennes et al. 2006. Previous work has shown that serotype D strains are the most common in nature and express an abundant 55 kDa i-antigen on their surface (Wang et al. 2002). At least 5 additional serotypes of I. multifiliis have been identified based on antibodyspecific immobilization (Wang et al. 2002, Swennes et al. 2007, Xu et al. 2006 Swennes et al. (2007) has suggested that different strains of I. multifiliis vary with respect to virulence, and it would be reasonable to assume they differ in other phenotypic character traits as well.Previous research has investigated the effectiveness of CuSO 4 in controlling Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in several species of fish (Ling et al. 1993, Straus 1993, Schlenk et al. 1998, Tieman & Goodwin 2001, Goodwin & Straus 2006, Straus 2008, Rowland et al. 2009). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

supporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Copper sulfate toxicity to two isolates of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis relative to alkalinity

Straus

Hossain²,

Clark³

2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…The life history of I. multifiliis, which consists of three stages: an infective theront, a parasitic trophont and a reproductive tomont, is well documented (Nigrelli et al 1976;Noe and Dickerson 1995;Swennes et al 2006). A free-swimming theront infects the gills and skin surface of the fish to feed on mucus and tissue and rapidly differentiates into a trophont, the feeding stage, which resides within the epidermis of the fish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

et al. 2012

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Abstracts Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important fish ectoparasite that often results in significant economic losses to freshwater aquaculture. The search of alternative substances to control infections of I. multifiliis became stringent after malachite green, an effective and widely used chemotherapeutant, is banned on fish farms because of its carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. In this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens, which is readily available and affordable, were evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results in the in vitro conditions showed that the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T -V SS , the volume of stock solution; V T , the volume of total solution) of 1:32 and 1:64 led to more than 70 % mortality of I. multifiliis theronts during 4 h of exposure and significantly reduced the survival of the tomonts and the total number of theronts released by the tomonts within 22 h (P<0.05). A 96-h bioassay was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of C. frutescens to goldfish. No visible effect was observed in the treatments with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T ) of 1:32, 1:64 and 1:128, while in the other treatments, the erratic behaviour of fish was noted. In addition, in vitro tests demonstrated that the aqueous extract of C.frutescens had an adverse effect on I. multifiliis trophonts in situ. Fish treated with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens in ratios V SS /V T of 1:32 and 1:64 carried significantly fewer parasites than the control and the other treatments (P<0.05). These results suggest, therefore, that aqueous extracts of C. frutescens have potential for the control of ichthyophthiriasis in the aquaculture industry, though further phytochemical studies will need to be performed for isolation and identification of the active compounds.

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“…The disease ichthyophthiriasis, caused by I. multifiliis, probably results in more damage to freshwater fish populations worldwide than any other eukaryote pathogen (Hines and Spira 1973;Rogers and Gaines 1975;Matthews 2005). The life cycle of this parasite is direct and consists of three stages: an infective theront, a parasitic trophont, and a reproductive tomont (Nigrelli et al 1976;Noe and Dickerson 1995;Swennes et al 2006). Both the theront and tomont stages are free living in the life cycle of I. multifiliis (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of potassium ferrate(VI) on survival and reproduction of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts

Ling

Wang

et al. 2011

Parasitol Res

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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important freshwater teleost pathogen that can infect most species of freshwater fish worldwide and often leads to significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Potassium ferrate(VI), as a potential therapeutic agent for external protozoan parasite infections, has been proven to kill I. multifiliis theronts effectively; however, no information is available on effects of potassium ferrate(VI) exposure to I. multifiliis tomonts. This study evaluated the effects of potassium ferrate(VI) on the survival and reproduction of I. multifiliis tomonts. The results of experiment 1 showed that potassium ferrate(VI) at concentrations of 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, and 19.2 mg/L resulted in tomont survival rates of 82.2%, 34.2%, 14.6%, and 0, respectively, and significant differences were noted in tomont reproduction between the treatments and the control (P<0.05). Additionally, this study was designed to determine the effect of potassium ferrate(VI) toxicity on age of the tomont. The results indicated that encysted I. multifiliis was more resistant to potassium ferrate(VI) treatments. In addition, this study was designed to investigate I. multifiliis tomont survival and reproduction when collected from infested goldfish in potassium ferrate(VI) solutions at different concentrations (0, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, and 19.2 mg/L) for 30 min. It was found that the tomont survivals in the treatments were significantly lower than those in the control (P<0.05). This study demonstrated that a bath with potassium ferrate(VI) possibly was an effective method to treat ichthyophthiriasis.

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Differences in virulence between two serotypes of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

Copper sulfate toxicity to two isolates of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis relative to alkalinity

Copper sulfate toxicity to two isolates of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis relative to alkalinity

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Effect of potassium ferrate(VI) on survival and reproduction of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts

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