Different Cells of the Human Body

Abstract

The cell is the basic structural unit of all living organisms. Most of the cells forming the human body share the basic components, but there are many categories that have specific light and electron microscopic characteristics. This review shed a light on these cell categories and their morphologies. Stem cell category is the cells responsible for the regeneration of damaged or lost cells, whereas protein-secreting cells are those responsible for the production and secretion of proteins. Protein-secreting cells have specific characters such as basophilic cytoplasm and vesicular nucleus by light microscope; these are confirmed by an electron microscope that shows rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, secretory granules, and mitochondria. Steroid secreting, ion transporting, and contracting categories have specific morphology. Phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils are characterized by the presence of many lysosomes and phagosomes. Supporting cells are very important category as they not only support but also usually have another function such as myelin formation in Schwann, blood–brain barrier in astrocytes, or modification of response as in Pacinian corpuscle. Many cells showed interrelated characters between different categories, for example, phagocytic cells are able to contract to perform their function in fighting microorganism. Although we have trillions of cells, yet they only fall in some categories. Each cell category has specific morphological characters confirmed by ultrastructural characters. They all adapted to perform the desired functions.

Data-modeling the interplay between single cell shape, single cell protein expression, and tissue state

“…Since the early days of Rudolf Virchow, and for over 200 years, pathologists have been using microscopes to observe the tissue’s architectural pattern, cellular rearrangement, cell and nuclear shape and intracellular organization to diagnose and make treatment decisions. Throughout evolution, diverse cell shape and intracellular organization, broadly termed cell morphology , enable diverse cellular functions (Mogilner & Keren, 2009; Mostafa, 2022). Single cell morphology, even when considering a single cell type, encodes information related to the gene expression patterns (Haghighi et al, 2022), signaling (Bakal et al, 2007a), functional states (Clark & Paluch, 2011), dynamics (K.…”

“…Throughout evolution, diverse cell shape and intracellular organization, broadly termed cell morphology, enable diverse cellular functions (Mogilner & Keren, 2009;Mostafa, 2022).…”