Using nanotechnology to remediate
contaminated agricultural soil
is promising but faces notable technical and economic challenges.
Importantly, widely distributed soil invertebrates can potentially
act as natural mobile facilitators for in situ nanoscale
remediation of contaminated soil. Herein, we have drawn inspiration
from nano–bio interaction and established a hybrid remediation
framework using nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) and nematodes for
organochlorine-contaminated soil. Approximately 80% pentachlorophenol
(PCP, initially 50 mg/kg) was synergistically degraded by nZVI and
nematodes within 3 days. Mechanistically, exposure to nZVI stimulated
the synthesis of reductive biomolecules (including collagen, glutathione,
and l-cysteine) which acted as a bioreductive barrier and
significantly mitigated the toxicity of PCP. At the microinterface,
collagen distributed in the epidermis chelated nZVI; subsequently, l-cysteine and glutathione strongly accelerated nZVI-induced
PCP dechlorination by facilitating the reductive dissolution of nZVI
oxide shell and electron transfer from Fe0 core to PCP.
On the basis of the interfacial interaction, an optimized soil remediation
approach composed of nZVI, nematodes, and l-cysteine was
established, demonstrating a 2.1-fold increase in removal efficiency
with only 48.5% nZVI consumption compared with the nZVI treatment
alone. This work provides a heuristic model for developing cost-efficient
remediation technologies with the synergistic force of functional
materials and indigenous biota, which may be widely applicable to
a range of environmental contamination scenarios.