Different intakes of n-3 fatty acids among pregnant women in 3 regions of China with contrasting dietary patterns are reflected in maternal but not in umbilical erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition

Zhang, Jian; Wang, Chunrong; Gao, Yali; Li, Lixiang; Man, Qingqing; Song, Pengkun; Li, Meng; Du, Zhen‐Yu; Miles, Elizabeth A.; Lie, Øvyind; Calder, Philip C.; Frøyland, Livar

doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.05.009

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In our study, the mean EPA and DHA intake was higher than that reported in other countries like Australia (EPA; 0.056 g/day, DHA; 0.106 g/day) [32], Japan (EPA; 0.042 g/day, DHA; 0.064 g/day) [33], the United States (EPA; 0.049 g/day, DHA; 0.080 g/day) [34], and Costa Rica (EPA; 0.032 g/day, DHA; 0.050 g/day) [35]. The mean dietary n-6/n-3 PUFAs was 9.7 in our subjects, which was lower than that reported in Mexico (12.3) [36], India (27.5) [37], and the coastal area of Southeastern China (17.8) [38], but higher than that of pregnant women in France (approximately 8.4) [9], and those living in a river/lake (5.8) or in an inland (9.1) area of Southeastern China [38]. The recommended n-6/n-3 PUFAs range is from 5:1–15:1 in Europe, and 4:1–10:1 in the United States and South Korea [11, 12].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Association between maternal intake of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio during pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months of age: results of the MOCEH cohort study

Kim

Lee

et al. 2017

Nutr J

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Background & aimsLong-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are essential for infant neurodevelopment. The nutritional adequacy of dietary LC-PUFAs depends not only on the LC-PUFAs intake but also on the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio (n-6/n-3 PUFAs). This study aimed to identify the association between the maternal dietary n-6/n-3 PUFAs and motor and cognitive development of infants at 6 months of age.MethodsWe used data from 960 participants in the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, which is a multi-center prospective cohort study. Dietary intake of pregnant women was assessed by a one-day 24-h recall method. Food consumption of infants was estimated based on the volume of breast milk and weaning foods. The duration of each feed was used to estimate the likely volume of milk consumed. Dietary intake of infants at 6 months was also assessed by a 24-h recall method. Cognitive and motor development of infants at 6 months of age was assessed by the Korean Bayley scales of infant development edition II (BSID-II) including the mental developmental index (MDI) and the psychomotor developmental index (PDI).ResultsMaternal intakes of n-6/n-3 PUFAs and linoleic acid (LA)-to-α-linolenic acid (ALA) ratio (LA/ALA) were 9.7 ± 6.3 and 11.12 ± 6.9, respectively. Multiple regression analysis, after adjusting for covariates, showed that n-6/n-3 PUFAs was negatively associated with both the MDI (β = −0.1674, P = 0.0291) and PDI (β = −0.1947, P = 0.0380) at 6 months of age. These inverse associations were also observed between LA/ALA and both the MDI and PDI (MDI; β = −0.1567; P = 0.0310, PDI; β = −0.1855; P = 0.0367). Multiple logistic regression analysis, with the covariates, showed that infants whose mother’s LA/ALA were ranked in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartile were at approximately twice the risk with more than twice the risk of delayed performance on the PDI compared to the lowest quartile (1st vs. 2nd; OR = 2.965; 95% CI = 1.376 − 6.390, 1st vs. 3rd; OR = 3.047; 95% CI = 1.374 − 6.756 and 1st vs. 4th; OR = 2.551; 95% CI = 1.160 − 5.607).ConclusionsBoth the maternal dietary n-6/n-3 PUFAs and LA/ALA intake were significantly associated with the mental and psychomotor development of infants at 6 months of age. Thus, maintaining low n-6/n-3 PUFAs and LA/ALA is encouraged for women during pregnancy.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Association between maternal intake of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio during pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months of age: results of the MOCEH cohort study

Kim

Lee

et al. 2017

Nutr J

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“… a Fatty acids are expressed as g per 100 g fatty acid methyl ester (FAME); b Data are expressed as the mean ± SD; SAFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; LA, linolenic acid; ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; SAFA includes: 6:0, 8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0; MUFA includes 14:1 n -5, 16:1 n -7 and 18:1 n -9; PUFA includes 18:2 n -6, 18:3 n -3, 20:4 n -6, 20:5 n -3, 22:5 n -3 and 22:6 n -3; n -6/ n -3 PUFA ratio: 20:4 n -6/(20:5 n -3 + 22:5 n -3 + 22:6 n -3); c Data from [ 22 ]; d Data from [ 36 ]; e Data from [ 37 ]; *: no data was available in this study. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increased metabolic need of DHA during pregnancy can be compensated for by: (1) dietary intake; (2) increasing the capacity to metabolize ALA to DHA [ 19 ]; (3) preferential use of DHA reserves mobilized from adipose tissue [ 20 ]; and (4) saving DHA, because of amenorrhea during pregnancy [ 18 , 21 ]. Regarding diet, sources of n -3 PUFA are limited, and estimated intakes of EPA and DHA in various populations are below the recommended levels [ 22 ]; it is also known that DHA intake of women from industrialized countries is usually low. The average intake of DHA in Western countries is 70 to 200 mg/day [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], but in some cases, the intake is even lower (30–50 mg/day), resulting in women having less than the estimated daily accretion of DHA to the fetus in the third trimester [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of Maternal Diet and Erythrocyte Phospholipid Status in Chilean Pregnant Women

et al. 2014

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Chilean diets are characterized by a low supply of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), which are critical nutrients during pregnancy and lactation, because of their role in brain and visual development. DHA is the most relevant n-3 PUFA in this period. We evaluated the dietary n-3 PUFA intake and erythrocyte phospholipids n-3 PUFA in Chilean pregnant women. Eighty healthy pregnant women (20–36 years old) in the 3rd–6th month of pregnancy were included in the study. Dietary assessment was done applying a food frequency questionnaire, and data were analyzed through the Food Processor SQL® software. Fatty acids of erythrocyte phospholipids were assessed by gas-liquid chromatography. Diet composition was high in saturated fat, low in mono- and PUFA, high in n-6 PUFA (linoleic acid) and low in n-3 PUFA (alpha-linolenic acid and DHA), with imbalance in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Similar results were observed for fatty acids from erythrocyte phospholipids. The sample of Chilean pregnant women showed high consumption of saturated fat and low consumption of n-3 PUFA, which is reflected in the low DHA content of erythrocyte phospholipids. Imbalance between n-6/n-3 PUFA could negatively affect fetal development. New strategies are necessary to improve n-3 PUFA intake throughout pregnancy and breast feeding periods. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop dietary interventions to improve the quality of consumed foods with particular emphasis on n-3 PUFA.

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“…Regardless of the timing of maternal blood sampling, the PUFA level in maternal erythrocytes could predict the umbilical cord blood erythrocyte PUFA level from the viewpoint of individual differences within a population group. However, when attempting to predict erythrocyte PUFA levels in umbilical cord blood, it becomes an indispensable condition that the dietary habits from the period of drawing blood to the time of childbirth remain essentially the same, because it is known that EPA and DHA levels in blood tend to be affected by dietary fish intake [11,13,14]. When we predict PUFA levels in infants using maternal blood sampled during pregnancy, but not at the time of delivery, previous studies reported that PUFA levels in erythrocytes were better than plasma PUFA levels [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, it has been reported that the erythrocyte DHA composition in Japanese people was 7.0% in less than 35-year-old males [8], 6.4% in 20 to 60-year-old women [9], and 7.9% in middle-aged men and women [10]. It has been widely shown that there is an association between dietary n-3 PUFA intake and n-3 PUFA composition in blood [11,12,13,14]. Lands [15] showed a positive correlation of the percentage of n-3 fatty acids in blood 20- and 22-carbon PUFAs and the daily menu balance values determined by the balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (en%) in food; the daily menu balance value of traditional Japanese foods was highly positioned, next to that of Greenland.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Maternal Erythrocytes of Japanese Women during Pregnancy and after Childbirth

et al. 2017

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Background: The transport of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), to the fetus from maternal stores increases depending on the fetal requirements for PUFA during the last trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, maternal blood PUFA changes physiologically with gestational age. However, the changes in PUFA levels in maternal blood erythrocytes during pregnancy and after childbirth have not been fully investigated in a fish-eating population. Objective: To examine the changes of ARA and DHA levels in maternal erythrocytes with the progress of pregnancy and the relationship between maternal and umbilical cord erythrocyte PUFA levels in pregnant Japanese women who habitually eat fish and shellfish. Design: This study was performed as a part of the adjunct study of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS). The participants were 74 pregnant women. The maternal blood samples were collected at 27, 30, and 36 weeks of pregnancy, and 2 days and 1 month after delivery, and umbilical cord blood was collected at delivery. The fatty acid levels of erythrocytes in these blood samples were determined. Results: ARA and DHA levels in maternal erythrocytes tended to decrease with the progress of pregnancy. While the DHA level decreased further after delivery, the ARA level returned to the value at 27 weeks of pregnancy within 1 month after delivery. The n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels in maternal erythrocytes at 27, 30, and 36 weeks of pregnancy were significantly positively correlated with the corresponding fatty acid levels in umbilical cord erythrocytes. Conclusion: The present findings showed a significant change in erythrocyte PUFA levels during pregnancy and after childbirth in a fish-eating population. The PUFA levels of maternal blood after the second trimester may be a reliable marker for predicting PUFA levels in infants’ circulating blood.

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Different intakes of n-3 fatty acids among pregnant women in 3 regions of China with contrasting dietary patterns are reflected in maternal but not in umbilical erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition

Cited by 14 publications

References 32 publications

Association between maternal intake of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio during pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months of age: results of the MOCEH cohort study

Association between maternal intake of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio during pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months of age: results of the MOCEH cohort study

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of Maternal Diet and Erythrocyte Phospholipid Status in Chilean Pregnant Women

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Maternal Erythrocytes of Japanese Women during Pregnancy and after Childbirth

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