Different methods for evaluating the effects of microwave radiation exposure on the nervous system

Altunkaynak, Berrin Zühal; Altun, Gamze; Yahyazadeh, Ahmad; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Deniz, Ömür Gülsüm; Türkmen, Aysın Pinar; Önger, Mehmet Emin; Kaplan, Süleyman

doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.11.004

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…The effects of EMR emitted by cell phones and base stations on human health are now subjects of serious scientific discussion [ 1 2 3 ]. So; various researchers have sought to investigate the potential effects of EMR using different methods [ 11 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is increasing continuously in line with technological advances, leading to a much greater level of exposure to EMR in daily life than that which exists in nature. The recent rise in the use of cell phones and consequently in exposure to EMR has raised the question of its possible side-effects on the living organism and has caused some measure of concern [ 1 2 3 ]. The discovery of electricity resulted in major changes in human social life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of folic acid on rat kidney exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation

Deniz

Kıvrak

Kaplan

et al. 2017

J Microsc Ultrastruct

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Because of increased use of cell phones, the purpose of this study was to investigation of the oxidative damage caused by electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted by cell phones and histological and morphometrical determination of the possible protective role of folic acid (FA) in preventing the detrimental effects of EMR on the kidney. Twenty-four adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into control (Cont), EMR, EMR + FA and FA groups, each containing six rats. The EMR and EMR + FA groups were exposed to EMR for 60 min a day over a period of 21 days, while no EMR exposure was applied to the Cont and FA groups. The source of the EMR was an EMR device which emits a digital signal producing 900-MHz frequency radiation. The generator connected to a one-monopole antenna was used in this study and the rats were placed in the plexiglass restrainer at an equal distance from the monopole antenna. Following the experimental period, and after tissue processing, a physical disector-Cavalieri method combination was applied to the sections. The mean volume of the cortex, medulla, proximal and distal tubules increased significantly in the EMR groups compared to the Cont group (p < 0.01). Contrarily, the total number of glomeruli in the EMR group decreased compared to the Cont group (p < 0.01). The protective effects of FA was observed in the kidney (p < 0.05).In conclusion, the 900-MHz EMR leads to kidney damage. FA may exhibit a protective effect against the adverse effects of EMR exposure in terms of the total number of glomeruli.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of folic acid on rat kidney exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation

Deniz

Kıvrak

Kaplan

et al. 2017

J Microsc Ultrastruct

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“…The effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system (CNS) have attracted the attention of many scholars [1][2][3]. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Role of NMDAR for Microwave-Induced Synaptic Plasticity Injuries in Primary Hippocampal Neurons

Wang¹,

Tan²,

Zhao³

et al. 2018

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Background/Aims: The N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) has been extensively studied for its important roles in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. However, the effects of microwave radiation on the subunit composition and activity of NMDARs and the relationship between NMDARs and microwave-induced synaptic plasticity have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. Materials: In our study, primary hippocampal neurons were used to evaluate the effects of microwave radiation on synaptic plasticity. Structural changes were observed by diolistic (Dil) labeling and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. Functional synaptic plasticity was reflected by the NMDAR currents, which were detected by whole cell patch clamp. We also detected the expression of NMDAR subunits by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. To clarify the effects of microwave radiation on NMDAR-induced synaptic plasticity, suitable agonists or inhibitors were added to confirm the role of NMDARs on microwave-induced synaptic plasticity. Dil labeling, SEM observation, whole cell patch clamp, real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate changes in synaptic plasticity after treatment with agonists or inhibitors. Results: Our results found that microwave exposure impaired neurite development and decreased mRNA and protein levels and the current density of NMDARs. Due to the decreased expression of NMDAR subunits after microwave exposure, the selective agonist NMDA was added to identify the role of NMDARs on microwave-induced synaptic plasticity injuries. After adding the agonist, the expression of NMDAR subunits recovered to the normal levels. In addition, the microwave-induced structural and functional synaptic plasticity injuries recovered, including the number and length of neurites, the connections between neurons, and the NMDAR current. Conclusion: Microwave radiation caused neuronal synaptic plasticity injuries in primary hippocampal neurons, and NMDARs played protective roles on the damage process.

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“…This may result in deterioration of behavioural and cognitive functions involving learning tasks and short-term memory [ 7 ]. Although many in vitro and in vivo experimental studies have been performed, the potential effects of EMF exposure on the central nervous system are still unclear [ 21 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of short and long term electromagnetic fields exposure on the human hippocampus

Deniz

Kaplan

Selçuk

et al. 2017

J Microsc Ultrastruct

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The increasing use of mobile phones may have a number of physiological and psychological effects on human health. Many animal and human studies have reported various effects on the central nervous system and cognitive performance from of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by mobile phones. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of mobile phones on the morphology of the human brain and on cognitive performance using stereological and spectroscopic methods and neurocognitive tests.Sixty healthy female medical school students aged 18–25 years were divided into a low exposure group (30 subjects, <30 min daily use by the head) and high exposure group (30 subjects, >90 min daily use by the head). Magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the brain analysed on OsiriX 3.2.1 workstation. Neuropsychological tests were performed for each subject. In addition, three dominant specific metabolites were analysed, choline at 3.21 ppm, creatine at 3.04 ppm and N-acetyl aspartate at 2.02 ppm. Analysis of the spectroscopic results revealed no significant difference in specific metabolites between the groups (p > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in terms of hippocampal volume between the groups (p > 0.05). In contrast, the results of the stroop and digit span (backward) neurocognitive tests of high exposure group for evaluating attention were significantly poorer from low exposure group (p < 0.05). Based on these results, we conclude that a lack of attention and concentration may occur in subjects who talk on mobile phones for longer times, compared to those who use phones relatively less.

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Different methods for evaluating the effects of microwave radiation exposure on the nervous system

Cited by 24 publications

References 78 publications

Effects of folic acid on rat kidney exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation

Effects of folic acid on rat kidney exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation

Protective Role of NMDAR for Microwave-Induced Synaptic Plasticity Injuries in Primary Hippocampal Neurons

Effects of short and long term electromagnetic fields exposure on the human hippocampus

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