Different Modes of Transmission and Containment Strategies for COVID-19

Abstract

<jats:p>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious ailment caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first outbreak of this disease occurred in China and declared a pandemic in a very short period of time. SARS-CoV-2 gets transmitted mainly through the respiratory tract by droplets or respiratory secretions and by direct contact with the infected person as well as indirect contact through touching the contaminated surface accompanied by poor hygiene practice. Until the vaccine, a therapeutic agent or any other treatment modality gets approved; contact tracing and management, social distancing, personal hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and environmental decontamination are the prime factors to be considered for transmission containment and hence for appropriate safety measures for COVID-19 which is possible with the support of social work from the community level.</jats:p>

Elevated Levels of Lactate Dehydrogenase Predicts Poor Outcomes for Patients with COVID-19: A Review

“…Vampires are improbable to be the animal that is a direct causative of the transmission of the virus to humans. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is with genome sequence about 96.2% similar to a bat coronavirus RaTG13 -implicating bat as reservoir to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [8]. Sequence analysis of the genome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19)showed that it has a potent homology to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses (CoVs) that normally infect bats, and this is the reason why the pandemic is thought to be of zoonotic origin [5].…”

“…Sequence analysis of the genome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19)showed that it has a potent homology to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses (CoVs) that normally infect bats, and this is the reason why the pandemic is thought to be of zoonotic origin [5]. Therefore, it is plausible to infer that novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)could have transferred from vampires through an unidentified intermediary host to human beings [8]. A research study proposed smuggled pangolins from Malaysia to China, as the possible virus origin, which could infect human being through potential alternative intermediate hosts such as turtles and snacks [9].…”

“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) receptor to infect human cells [7]. The human-tohuman transmission happens by catching between the receptor-binding domain of coronavirus (CoV) spikes and the cellular receptor noticed as angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor [8]. Soon after binding to their receptive receptor, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)enters host cells where they will face innate immunity [6].…”

“…In other words, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be transmitted from person to another, and all individuals are susceptible to this infectious disease [11]. Disease transfer from one human to another deems to be incident through nearby contacts primarily through respiratory droplets of coughs or sneezes from infected persons [6,8]. Fomites may be a wide source of transmission [6].…”

“…Authors have found mild virus protein levels in drops endows the microbe ability of expanding exponentiallyexplaining its elevated transferability [12]. Droplet transmission elevates with nearer contact, within 1 meter range with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected individuals, elevating tendency of microbial entrance through mucous membranes of mouth, nose and eyes following exposing to probable infectious respiratory drops [8]. Although in some literature airborne transferring was not mentioned, spread by sneezing or coughing, drops carrying coronavirus (CoV) have been airborne, and it is established coronavirus (CoV) remains animated in that location until 3 hours [13].…”