Different regulatory mechanisms of plant hormones in the ripening of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits: a review

NAC Transcription Factor Family Regulation of Fruit Ripening and Quality: A Review

“…Fruit ripening is regulated by various plant hormones, such as ethylene [41,42], abscisic acid (ABA) [43], brassinosteroids (BR) [44], auxins (IAA) [45], gibberellins (GA) [46], jasmonic acid (JA) [47], salicylic acid (SA) [45], melatonin [48], etc. Different plant hormones can jointly regulate fruit ripening through synergistic or antagonistic effects and there are complex mechanisms of interaction between them ("cross-talk") during fruit ripening [42,49,50]. Ethylene and ABA are two core hormones which play an important role in regulating the ripening process of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, respectively, although both may participate in climacteric fruit ripening [30,42,51].…”

Do Non-climacteric Fruits Share a Common Ripening Mechanism of Hormonal Regulation?

“…Early studies on hormonal regulation of NC fruit ripening were mainly based on pharmacological experiments. Unlike the regulation of CL fruit ripening with ethylene as a major regulator, nearly all hormones have been reported to play an important role in NC fruit ripening ( Given et al, 1988 ; Creelman and Mullet, 1997 ; Symons et al, 2006 ; Concha et al, 2013 ; Preuß et al, 2014 ; Jia et al, 2016 ; Coelho et al, 2019 ; Gu et al, 2019 ; Dong et al, 2020 ; Vincent et al, 2020 ; Castro et al, 2021 ; Clayton-Cuch et al, 2021 ; Figueroa et al, 2021 ; Kou et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2022 ). To date, it is hard to conclude which hormone may be the key regulator controlling NC fruit ripening.…”

“…Based on the physiological behaviors of fruit ripening, fleshy fruits have been traditionally categorized into climacteric (CL) and non-climacteric groups (NC). CL fruits are characterized by a burst of respiration and ethylene production at the onset of fruit ripening, whereas NC fruits do not show such characteristics ( Giovannoni, 2001 ; Cherian et al, 2014 ; Giovannoni et al, 2017 ; Fenn and Giovannoni, 2021 ; Kou et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021 ). It has been well established that CL fruits share a common mechanism of ripening regulation, i.e., the ethylene regulation ( Alexander and Grierson, 2002 ; Liu et al, 2015 ; Brumos, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021 ).…”

“…In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the mechanistic studies on NC fruit ripening, and strawberry emerges to become a model for study on NC fruit ripening ( Cherian et al, 2014 ; Kuhn et al, 2014 ; Moya-León et al, 2019 ; Alferez et al, 2021 ). While abscisic acid (ABA) has been proposed to play an important role in NC fruit ripening ( Kumar et al, 2014 ; Forlani et al, 2019 ; Fenn and Giovannoni, 2021 ; Kou et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021 ), there are evidence that many other hormones may also play crucial roles in NC fruit ripening. For example, auxin ( Given et al, 1988 ; Gu et al, 2019 ; Vincent et al, 2020 ; Castro et al, 2021 ; Clayton-Cuch et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2022 ), giberelin ( Kou et al, 2021 ), jasmonic acid ( Creelman and Mullet, 1997 ; Concha et al, 2013 ; Preuß et al, 2014 ; Jia et al, 2016 ; Coelho et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2022 ), Brassinosteroids ( Symons et al, 2006 ), and even ethylene ( Dong et al, 2020 ; Figueroa et al, 2021 ), all these hormones have been reported to be involved in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening.…”

“…While abscisic acid (ABA) has been proposed to play an important role in NC fruit ripening ( Kumar et al, 2014 ; Forlani et al, 2019 ; Fenn and Giovannoni, 2021 ; Kou et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021 ), there are evidence that many other hormones may also play crucial roles in NC fruit ripening. For example, auxin ( Given et al, 1988 ; Gu et al, 2019 ; Vincent et al, 2020 ; Castro et al, 2021 ; Clayton-Cuch et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2022 ), giberelin ( Kou et al, 2021 ), jasmonic acid ( Creelman and Mullet, 1997 ; Concha et al, 2013 ; Preuß et al, 2014 ; Jia et al, 2016 ; Coelho et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2022 ), Brassinosteroids ( Symons et al, 2006 ), and even ethylene ( Dong et al, 2020 ; Figueroa et al, 2021 ), all these hormones have been reported to be involved in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening. Importantly, as early as 1980s, a classic study by Given et al (1988) demonstrated that removal of achenes from receptacle induced fruit ripening, and it was concluded that a decrease in the level of auxin (IAA) in receptacle might act as a signal regulating strawberry fruit ripening.…”