Different staining substances were used in decorative and therapeutic tattoos in a 1000-year-old Peruvian mummy

Pabst, Maria Anna; Letofsky-Papst, Ilse; Moser, M.; Spindler, Konrad; Bock, Elisabeth; Wilhelm, Peter; Dorfer, M.D. Leopold; Geigl, Jochen B.; Auer, Martina; Speicher, Michael R.; Hofer, Ferdinand

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.07.026

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Últimamente se ha reportado el hallazgo de una mujer con tatuajes conocida como "la Señora de Cao" del periodo Moche temprano (200-800 d.C) hallada en la costa norte del Perú (Vásquez 2013;Franco 2008). Del extremo sur peruano se conoce el hallazgo de una momia tatuada de la Cultura Chiribaya Alta (Pabst et al 2010). Los tatuajes Paracas han sido reportado previamente por Stewart (1943) y Tello & Mejía (1979), quienes describen el hallazgo de varios tatuajes de color azul y negro, siendo los diseños más frecuentes aquellos que corresponden a aves, estrellas y peces, encontrándose generalmente estos en el antebrazo, piernas y tórax.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…El hallazgo de cuerpos momificados a lo largo de los Andes ha permitido el registro de la práctica del tatuaje en diferentes sociedades prehispánicas (Stewart, 1943;Tello y Mejía, 1979;Allison et al 1981;Ruiz, 1990;Ruiz, 1995;Allison, 1996;Vivar, 2008;Franco, 2008;Vásquez, 2013;Pabst et al, 2010). La práctica del tatuaje implica lesionar la piel para introducir pig-Vol.…”

Section: Implicaciones Patológicas Del Tatuajeunclassified

“…Según Allison (1996), el hollín fue utilizado para obtener los tonos negros y azulados de los tatuajes. Aunque se desconoce la forma cómo el carbón era obtenido y procesado, se ha sugerido que pudo ser raspado de la superficie exterior de lám-paras, ollas o chimeneas que estuvieron expuestas al fuego (Zimmerman, 1980;Pabst, 2010).…”

Section: Pigmentos Utilizadosunclassified

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El trauma en la piel: un análisis paleopatológico de tatuajes paracas-necrópolis

Agurto

Cabello

2014

Jangwa Pana

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RESUMENEl tatuaje es un tipo de modificación cultural del cuerpo que consiste en insertar tinta dentro de las capas dérmicas a través de una aguja u otro material. La práctica del tatuaje causa un trauma en la piel con el objetivo de ejecutar un diseño conocido, cuyo resultado es una marca indeleble en el cuerpo. Este artículo analiza las consecuencias paleopatológicas del tatuaje en un conjunto de momias tatuadas del periodo Paracas Necrópolis procedentes del Cementerio de Warikayan, localizado en la costa sur del Perú. A partir de los resultados obtenidos de los análisis bioarqueológicos, complementados con los análisis de tatuajes mediante microscopia óptica, fluorescencia de rayos X y reflectografía infrarroja, se localizan los tatuajes y se inspeccionan en busca de lesiones derivadas de la práctica de modificación cultural. Los resultados indican que el 43% de los individuos Paracas analizados tiene tatuajes. Las localizaciones más frecuente para los tatuajes eran el dorso y la palma de la mano (21%), los dedos de la mano (16%) y el antebrazo (14%), Se ha encontrado una prevalencia de tatuajes considerablemente alta en mujeres. El pigmento utilizado es el carbón y debido a la similitud de los diseños tatuados con aquellos registrados en mantos textiles y vasijas cerámicas de la cultura Paracas, es posible pensar que los tatuajes están relacionados con el estatus social.Palabras clave: Tatuajes, Paracas, Necrópolis, paleopatología, tejido blando ABSTRACT Tattoos are intentional body modifications that describes the implantation of pigment into the dermis by a needle or other material. Tattooing cause trauma to the skin in order to execute a specific design. The result is an indelible mark in the skin. This article analyzes the paleopathological implications of tattooing and presents the results of the optical microscopy analisys, X-ray fluorescence and infrared Reflectography performed on a set of tattooed mummies from the Paracas Cemetery of Warikayan, located on the southern coast of Peru. All individuals analyzed are from the Paracas Necropolis period. The results indicate that 43 % of the Paracas population had tattoos. The most common locations for tattoos were the hand (21%), the fingers (16 %) and forearm (14%). There was a significantly high prevalence of tattoos on women. The pigment used is coal. The similarity of the designs tattooed with those recorded in textiles and ceramic Paracas suggest that tattoos were associated with social status before they used as medical therapy

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Section: Implicaciones Patológicas Del Tatuajeunclassified

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El trauma en la piel: un análisis paleopatológico de tatuajes paracas-necrópolis

Agurto

Cabello

2014

Jangwa Pana

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“…Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate black tattoos on a 1000-year-old mummy [20] and for detection of components, including aromatic amines, in red tattoo inks and skin biopsies following reported allergic reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11] Raman spectroscopy has been used to identify pigments in a variety of disciplines including art, [12] archaeology, [13][14][15] and forensics, [16][17][18][19] but research on tattoo pigment identification is limited. Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate black tattoos on a 1000-year-old mummy [20] and for detection of components, including aromatic amines, in red tattoo inks and skin biopsies following reported allergic reactions. [21] Additional studies have focused on spectral library development, including that by Fremout and Saverwyns using micro-Raman spectroscopy at 785 nm to evaluate approximately 300 synthetic organic pigments [22] and that by Burgio and Clark with a 1064-nm Fourier transform Raman instrument to develop a database of pigments, minerals, and media.…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigation of tattoo pigments by Raman spectroscopy

Yakes

Michael

Pérez-González

et al. 2017

J Raman Spectroscopy

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As a result of the increase in the practice of tattooing, the US Food and Drug Administration has identified a need for improved analytical methods to detect the pigments and potential impurities in the inks. Raman spectroscopy allows for nondestructive identification of compounds and is commonly used in art, archaeology, and forensics; however, the technique has only limitedly been applied to the identification of tattoo pigments. In this study, approximately 30 inorganic, organometallic, and organic pigments were evaluated with Raman spectroscopy by using 532, 633, and 780-nm lasers. Individual optimization of the instrumental parameters was performed for each pigment in order to enhance spectral quality. This research highlights the need for multiple laser interrogation, as the spectra of some pigments were difficult to obtain by using a particular wavelength due to interferences from absorption or fluorescence. However, by using these multiple wavelengths, all pigments could be identified by their unique spectral features. A spectral library of the pigments was created for each laser wavelength and then challenged with pigments from multiple manufacturers. All pigments were identified correctly, and the method is poised to be an effective, noninvasive means for qualitatively identifying tattoo pigments. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.Keywords: Raman spectroscopy; Tattoo inks; Pigments; Spectral library IntroductionTattoos are formed when ink containing insoluble pigments dispersed in an aqueous medium, often containing alcohol, glycerine, and/or witch hazel, is injected between the dermis and epidermis of the skin. Tattooing has been performed since ancient times and is currently used as an art form, as permanent makeup, and in medical applications.[1] Worldwide, an estimated 120 million people have tattoos [2] with approximately 12% of Europeans [3] and 24% of surveyed US citizens having a tattoo.[4]Regulation of the practice of tattooing and tattoo inks varies worldwide. In the United States, the pigments used in tattoo inks are considered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be colour additives [5,6] and must be listed in the Code of Federal Regulations. [7] Currently, no colour additives have been approved by the FDA for use in injections such as tattooing. The practice of tattooing in the United States is regulated by state and local jurisdictions with adverse events monitored by the FDA.[1] While reported adverse events have generally involved microbial contamination, [8] such as the August 2015 recall of grey inks with Mycobacterium, [9] awareness of knowledge gaps on tattoo ink components and long-term risks is growing.[3] One concern is the overlap in tattoo pigments that are also used in the printing, plastics, coatings, textiles, and paint industries.[1] The Council of Europe 2008 Report proposed labelling requirements, chemicals that should not be used due to potential toxicity, and maximum allowed concentrations of impurities...

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Tattoos and tattoo inks: Forensic considerations

Miranda

2019

WIREs Forensic Science

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Tattoos and tattoo inks play a critical role in forensic investigations, and have done so for centuries. Tattoos are most useful as a means of identification for both the living and deceased. From their continued discovery on mummified remains dating from antiquity to their utilization in modern day investigations and prosecutions, tattoos demonstrate persistence and clues to cultural practices and identity. The tools and techniques of tattooing, as well as the phenomena of visualization of pigments according to the interaction of light radiation in human tissue is presented. An overview of the history of tattoos is provided, with a specific focus on tattoos in criminological, medicolegal and forensic investigations-from the characterization of criminals in the 19th century to the introduction of tattoo evidence in criminal trials of present day. Finally, an overview of the scientific study of tattoos and tattoo inks is presented, including the visualization of obscured tattoos, the chemical analysis of modern tattoo inks, and trends towards understanding the migration, retention, and photodecomposition of pigment particles. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the importance and utilization of tattoos and tattoo inks in a forensic context-specifically highlighting that tattoos can prove critical to providing investigatory leads in criminal investigations and tattoos and tattoo inks should have an increased use in forensic endeavors moving forward, both in casework and scholarly research.

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Different staining substances were used in decorative and therapeutic tattoos in a 1000-year-old Peruvian mummy

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

El trauma en la piel: un análisis paleopatológico de tatuajes paracas-necrópolis

El trauma en la piel: un análisis paleopatológico de tatuajes paracas-necrópolis

Investigation of tattoo pigments by Raman spectroscopy

Tattoos and tattoo inks: Forensic considerations

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