Different Structures of Arabinoxylan Hydrolysates Alleviated Caco-2 Cell Barrier Damage by Regulating the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway

Abstract

Arabinoxylan (AX) has been associated with alleviating intestinal barrier damage, and different structures of AX give rise to different effects on the intestinal barrier. This study investigated the main structural characteristics of AX, whose functional properties are attributed to alleviating intestinal barrier damage, and clarified their underlying mechanisms. An in vitro Caco-2 cell model was established to investigate the intestinal barrier effects of AX with various degrees of substitution (Ds) and molecular weight (Mw), with an added MyD88 inhibitor to verify the signaling pathways. Arabinoxylan treated with endo-1,4-β-xylanase (AXX) with higher Ds and Mw showed stronger physiological activity, which might be correlated with the uronic acid and bound ferulic acid contents in AXX. Moreover, AXX alleviated the intestinal barrier damage by upregulating the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and alleviating the decrease of claudin-1 (p < 0.05). AXX regulated the expression of inflammatory factors IL-2, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 (p < 0.05). In addition, AXX reduced the intestinal barrier damage induced via inhibiting the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and activating the TLRs/PKC pathway. Thus, AX with higher Ds and Mw might be better in alleviating intestinal barrier damage, and MyD88 might be the key point of AXX to identify these signaling pathways.

Rice-derived arabinoxylan fibers are particle size-dependent inducers of trained immunity in a human macrophage-intestinal epithelial cell co-culture model

“…Once internalized, β-glucan containing macrophages migrate to the spleen, lymph nodes, and the bone marrow where immune modulation takes place ( Hong et al, 2004 ). Consistent with previous studies ( Baggio et al, 2022 ; Li et al, 2022 ), arabinoxylan preparations showed a clear effect on barrier integrity in our study, with the smaller particle size fractions of rice bran-1 increasing TEER. Interestingly, we demonstrated that apical exposure to smaller rice bran-1 particle fractions of 106–90 and 90-45 μm in the co-culture model elicits a strong induction of both innate immune training and resilience, as measured by the increased release of TNF-α.…”

Effectiveness of Anthocyanin-Rich Sour Cherry Extract on Gliadin-Induced Caco-2 Barrier Damage

“…MYD88 tissue factor induces p65 translocation by TLR receptors [12]. TLR activation induces cytokine release, which is confirmed by our TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-8 results [38]. Anthocyanin treatment significantly reduced the translocation of p65 in our experiments, but alone, AC treatment did not result in any alteration in NF-κB activation (Figure 4b).…”

Probiotic Roles of Clostridium butyricum in Piglets: Considering Aspects of Intestinal Barrier Function

“…TLRs are phylogenetically conserved innate immune mediators that can identify gut microbiota and respond to harmful microbes [78,79]. TLR2 and TLR4 are two important members of TLRs, which participate in the immune response mainly by activating the MyD88 pathway to induce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines [51,58,80]. MyD88 is a key adapter protein in the TLR signaling pathway that can activate NF-κB, boosting the production of proinflammatory cytokines and eliciting an immunological response in the intestinal mucosa [51,81].…”