Differential effects of massed and spaced training on place and response learning: A memory systems perspective

Wingard, Jeffrey C.; Goodman, Jarid; Leong, Kah-Chung; Packard, Mark G.

doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.06.004

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Shorter training periods however were not effective for inducing food intake in fed mice. That spaced training is more effective than massed training is consistent with the vast majority of learned behaviors [37][38][39] . Thus, we showed that two training sessions conducted 5 hours apart was not sufficient to induce increased consumption during the Ctx-IF test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Control of non-homeostatic feeding in sated mice using associative learning of contextual food cues

Stern

Doerig

Stoffel

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Feeding is a complex motivated behavior controlled by a distributed neural network that processes sensory information to generate adaptive behavioral responses. Accordingly, studies using appetitive Pavlovian conditioning confirm that environmental cues that are associated with food availability can induce feeding even in satiated subjects. However, in mice, appetitive conditioning generally requires intensive training and thus can impede molecular studies that often require large numbers of animals. To address this, we developed and validated a simple and rapid context-induced feeding (ctx-IF) task in which cues associated with food availability can later lead to increased food consumption in sated mice. We show that the associated increase in food consumption is driven largely by positive reinforcement and that spaced training is more effective than massed training. Ctx-IF can be completed in ~1 week and provides an opportunity to study the molecular mechanisms and circuitry underlying nonhomeostatic eating. We have used this paradigm to map brain regions that are activated during Ctx-IF and found that the insular cortex, and other regions, are activated following exposure to cues denoting the availability of food. Finally, we show that inhibition of the insular cortex using GABA agonists impairs performance of the task. Our findings provide a novel assay in mice for defining the functional neuroanatomy of appetitive conditioning and identify specific brain regions that are activated during the development of learned behaviors that impact food consumption.All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Control of non-homeostatic feeding in sated mice using associative learning of contextual food cues

Stern

Doerig

Stoffel

et al. 2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many experimental parameters can shift the balance of control between memory systems including stress, cue availability, and massed vs. spaced trials (Restle, 1957; Packard and Goodman, 2013; Wingard et al, 2015). In studies performed within a reward class, stress and stress hormones impair place learning but leave response learning intact or enhanced (Packard and Goodman, 2012; Leong et al, 2015; Schwabe, 2013; Sadowski et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training-induced elevations in extracellular lactate in hippocampus and striatum: Dissociations by cognitive strategy and type of reward

Newman

Scavuzzo

Gold

et al. 2017

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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Recent evidence suggests that astrocytes convert glucose to lactate, which is released from the astrocytes and supports learning and memory. This report takes a multiple memory perspective to test the role of astrocytes in cognition using real-time lactate measurements during learning and memory. Extracellular lactate levels in the hippocampus or striatum were determined with lactate biosensors while rats were learning place (hippocampus-sensitive) or response (striatum-sensitive) versions of T-mazes. In the first experiment, rats were trained on the place and response tasks to locate a food reward. Extracellular lactate levels in the hippocampus increased beyond those of feeding controls during place training but not during response training. However, striatal lactate levels did not increase beyond those of controls when rats were trained on either the place or the response version of the maze. Because food ingestion itself increased blood glucose and brain lactate levels, the contribution of feeding may have confounded the brain lactate measures. Therefore, we conducted a second similar experiment using water as the reward. A very different pattern of lactate responses to training emerged when water was used as the task reward. First, provision of water itself did not result in large increases in either brain or blood lactate levels. Moreover, extracellular lactate levels increased in the striatum during response but not place learning, whereas extracellular lactate levels in the hippocampus did not differ across tasks. The findings from the two experiments suggest that the relative engagement of the hippocampus and striatum dissociates not only by task but also by reward type. The divergent lactate responses of the hippocampus and striatum in place and response tasks under different reward conditions may reflect ethological constraints tied to foraging for food and water.

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“…For Experiment 1 and 2, training procedures for the response learning task were identical to the procedures employed in our previous studies (Leong et al., 2012, Goodman and Packard, 2014, Leong et al., 2015, Wingard et al., 2015). Twenty-four hrs after fear conditioning, rats were individually transported from the vivarium to the room containing the water plus-maze.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of striatum-dependent memory by conditioned fear is mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors in the basolateral amygdala

Goode

Leong

Goodman

et al. 2016

Neurobiology of Stress

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Emotional arousal can have a profound impact on various learning and memory processes. For example, unconditioned emotional stimuli (e.g., predator odor or anxiogenic drugs) enhance dorsolateral striatum (DLS)-dependent habit memory. These effects critically depend on a modulatory role of the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA). Recent work indicates that, like unconditioned emotional stimuli, exposure to an aversive conditioned stimulus (CS) (i.e., a tone previously paired with shock) can also enhance consolidation of DLS-dependent habit memory. The present experiments examined whether noradrenergic activity, particularly within the BLA, is required for a fear CS to enhance habit memory consolidation. First, rats underwent a fear conditioning procedure in which a tone CS was paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus. Over the course of the next five days, rats received training in a DLS-dependent water plus-maze task, in which rats were reinforced to make a consistent body-turn response to reach a hidden escape platform. Immediately after training on days 1–3, rats received post-training systemic (Experiment 1) or intra-BLA (Experiment 2) administration of the β-adrenoreceptor antagonist, propranolol. Immediately after drug administration, half of the rats were re-exposed to the tone CS in the conditioning context (without shock). Post-training CS exposure enhanced consolidation of habit memory in vehicle-treated rats, and this effect was blocked by peripheral (Experiment 1) or intra-BLA (Experiment 2) propranolol administration. The present findings reveal that noradrenergic activity within the BLA is critical for the enhancement of DLS-dependent habit memory as a result of exposure to conditioned emotional stimuli.

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Differential effects of massed and spaced training on place and response learning: A memory systems perspective

Cited by 21 publications

References 46 publications

Control of non-homeostatic feeding in sated mice using associative learning of contextual food cues

Control of non-homeostatic feeding in sated mice using associative learning of contextual food cues

Training-induced elevations in extracellular lactate in hippocampus and striatum: Dissociations by cognitive strategy and type of reward

Enhancement of striatum-dependent memory by conditioned fear is mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors in the basolateral amygdala

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